Constraints on benthic algal response to nutrient addition in oligotrophic mountain rivers

Nutrient availability has long been considered one of the most important factors regulating production of benthic algae in oligotrophic rivers; yet, empirical relationships do not have as wide an application as similar models derived for lentic systems. The aim of this research was to derive empirical relationships between nutrient concentrations and benthic algal abundance and to identify commonalities with other studies to improve our understanding of constraints on algae in oligotrophic rivers. Surveys of physical, chemical and biological attributes of oligotrophic mountain rivers in spring, summer and autumn for 2 years confirmed that small amounts of anthropogenic phosphorus (0.1–5.6 µg/L total phosphorus (TP)) resulted in 4‐ to 30‐fold increases in abundance of benthic algae and benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs). Algal accrual along a gradient in nutrient availability was not masked by grazing pressure but was positively correlated with abundance of scrapers. Epilithic abundance was highest downstream of anthropogenic nutrient sources in autumn. We concluded that benthic algal abundance in these mountain rivers was weakly correlated with phosphorus availability if light was not limiting but ultimately controlled by temperature and river discharge. Therefore, we recommend more direct measures of nutrient limitation be used to predict changes in ecological integrity at the lower end of the resource gradient. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of nanophase tungsten carbide by electrical discharge machining

Tungsten carbide nanopowders were synthesized successfully by electric discharge machining followed by annealing under a nitrogen atmosphere. The tungsten workpieces were initially melted and evaporated on the working surface during the electric discharge machining process, and then the tungsten powders were reacted with the carbon electrode and the working medium of kerosene to form the nanocrystalline WC_1−x powders. The powders produced were characterized by XRD, SEM, and TEM. When annealing the powders under an N₂ atmosphere, the cubic phases of WC_1−x gradually changed to hexagonal W₂C and then were transformed fully to nanocrystalline hexagonal WC at 1200 °C, with the nanocrystalline tungsten carbide encapsulated in a carbon shell. On the other hand, under an H₂ atmosphere, the WC_1−x phase changed via a W₂C phase to reduced powders of pure tungsten at 1000 °C or were reduced directly from WC_1−x to elemental W.     

Pore‐free mold‐pattern‐transfer method for barrier ribs of HD PDPs

Abstract— Among various barrier‐rib manufacturing processes, the mold‐pattern‐transfer method has potential to reduce processing cost as well as the manufacture of high‐resolution pixels. In this study, the effects of major processing variables of the mold‐pattern‐transfer process on the formation of air‐trapped pores within barrier ribs were examined. The results indicated that with an optimum combination of the processing variables, barrier ribs without trapped defects can be produced, demonstrating the possibility of reducing the number of processing steps and costs of barrier ribs.     

岩石液压致裂中几个问题的研究

论证了流体压力变化与岩石强度变化之间的关系，阐述了流体保持与释放的应力条件和构造环境，总结了两种围岩下的液压致裂模型及其流量方程。     

小型腔式微波离子源的研制

研制了１种用在离子束细胞刻蚀装置中的小型腔式微波离子源，它由石英放电管、同轴谐振腔和封装在管一端的二电极引出系统组成。该源由同轴腔激发起的表面波在石英管内产生等离子体柱。为了提高柱末端等离子体离子引出流密度，选用了在内径７．０ｍｍ直管的一端加上一内径５．０ｍｍ衬管的放电管。在微波频率为２．４５ＧＨｚ，输入功率为９３Ｗ下，氮的引出流密度分别为４８．４ｍＡ／ｃｍ２和９１．７ｍＡ／ｃｍ２。这种表面波放电等离子体源体积小、结构简单，可在较宽的压强范围内产生重复性好、工作稳定的等离子体柱。     

双层辉光离子渗镀钽

介绍了一种新型离子渗镀钽的工艺方法。较好解决了渗镀钽时供给活性钽粒子的总是比方法工艺简单，操作方便，效率高。为充分利用和节约使用昂贵的钽探索了一条实用可行的途径。     

SCS模型在山区小流域山洪灾害预报预警中的适用性分析

预报预警是山洪灾害防治中重要的非工程措施,是防灾减灾救灾的关键环节。选取分别代表秦巴山地水资源保护区、西南地震作用区、喀斯特地区、黄土高原超渗产流区、东南沿海台风影响区的湖北省丹江口官山河流域、四川省都江堰白沙河流域、贵州省望谟县望谟河流域、陕西省子洲县岔巴沟流域、广东省高州市马贵河流域这5个典型流域,通过构建改进的SCS模型进行历史山洪模拟,探讨该模型在小流域暴雨山洪预报预警中的广泛适用性。结果表明:基于SCS模型构建的小流域暴雨山洪预报方案中官山河、白沙河、望谟河、马贵河方案均为乙级方案,可用于正式发布预报;岔巴沟为丙级方案,可用于参考性预报。SCS模型在5个典型示范区的洪峰流量预报精度普遍在80%左右,高于我国山洪灾害洪峰流量预报平均水平(40%)。总体来说,SCS模型对各类典型流域的山洪模拟效果较好,能够用于山洪灾害预报预警业务。SCS模型结构简单,参数少,特别适用于无资料地区推广应用。     

高坝泄洪诱发场地振动响应分析及传播规律

为研究高坝泄洪诱发场地振动的问题,提出一种基于黏弹性人工边界的有限元数值模拟和水力学模型试验相结合的方法计算场地振动响应。以国内某工程为例,计算不同工况下场地振动响应,分析泄洪量和泄洪调度方式对场地振动的影响,揭示不同岩体条件下振动波的传播规律。结果表明:该工程各种泄洪方式都不会对周边居民的生活造成影响;泄洪量越大,下游场地振动响应越大,当3个溢洪洞泄洪条件一致时,采用2号洞泄洪最不利;同等泄洪条件下,采用4洞均分泄洪的振动响应小于按设计开度泄洪的振动响应;模型范围内放大振动波的主因是断层左右岩体性质的差异,断层的存在进一步加大了放大效应。     

A novel data-driven approach to support decision-making during production scale-up of assembly systems

In today's manufacturing settings, a sudden increase in the customer demand may enforce manufacturers to alter their manufacturing systems either by adding new resources or changing the layout within a restricted time frame. Without an appropriate strategy to handle this transition to higher volume, manufacturers risk losing their market competitiveness. The subjective experience-based ad-hoc procedures existing in the industrial domain are insufficient to support the transition to a higher volume, thereby necessitating a new approach where the scale-up can be realised in a timely, systematic manner. This research study aims to fulfill this gap by proposing a novel Data-Driven Scale-up Model, known as DDSM, that builds upon kinematic and Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) models. These models are further enhanced by historical production data and knowledge representation techniques. The DDSM approach identifies the near-optimal production system configurations that meet the new customer demand using an iterative design process across two distinct levels, namely the workstation and system levels. At the workstation level, a set of potential workstation configurations are identified by utilising the knowledge mapping between product, process, resource and resource attribute domains. Workstation design data of selected configurations are streamlined into a common data model that is accessed at the system level where DES software and a multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (GA) are used to support decision-making activities by identifying potential system configurations that provide optimum scale-up Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). For the optimisation study, two conflicting objectives: scale-up cost and production throughput are considered. The approach is employed in a battery module assembly pilot line that requires structural modifications to meet the surge in the demand of electric vehicle powertrains. The pilot line is located at the Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, where the production data is captured to initiate and validate the workstation models. Conclusively, it is ascertained by experts that the approach is found useful to support the selection of suitable system configuration and design with significant savings in time, cost and effort.