Selection Criteria for Water Disinfection Techniques in Agricultural Practices

This paper comprises a selection tool for water disinfection methods for fresh produce pre- and postharvest practices. A variety of water disinfection technologies is available on the market and no single technology is the best choice for all applications. It can be difficult for end users to choose the technology that is best fit for a specific application. Therefore, the different technologies were characterized in order to identify criteria that influence the suitability of a technology for pre- or postharvest applications. Introduced criteria were divided into three principal components: (i) criteria related to the technology and which relate to the disinfection efficiency, (ii) attention points for the management and proper operation, and (iii) necessities in order to sustain the operation with respect to the environment. The selection criteria may help the end user of the water disinfection technology to obtain a systematic insight into all relevant aspects to be considered for preliminary decision making on which technologies should be put to feasibility testing for water disinfection in pre- and postharvest practices of the fresh produce chain.     

乳清发酵酒消毒技术研究及其应用

乳清发酵酒产品是近年来发展起来的新产品。在生产实践中,公司试验研究了乳清发酵酒生产工艺中的消毒技术,按工艺流程的先后顺序,研究了原料消毒、生产环境消毒、生产设备消毒等内容。生产实践证明,这些方法或技术措施的运用,保证了乳清发酵酒的品质,且口味纯正、质量稳定。主要阐述了乳清发酵酒生产过程的消毒技术和措施。     

Biofilm formation by Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel under either mono- or dual-species multi-strain conditions and resistance of sessile communities to sub-lethal chemical disinfection

Intercellular interactions encountered within and between different bacterial species are believed to play key roles in both biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. In this study, Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus (3 strains per species) were left to form biofilms on stainless steel coupons incubated at 20 °C for 144 h (i.e. 6 days), in periodically renewable growth medium, under either mono- or dual-species conditions. Subsequently, the developed sessile communities were exposed for 6 min to sub-lethal concentrations of: (i) benzalkonium chloride (BC, 50 ppm), (ii) sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 10 ppm), or (iii) peroxyacetic acid (PAA, 10 ppm). The dominance of each strain in the mono- and dual-species biofilm communities, both before and after disinfection, was monitored by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results revealed that dual-species conditions led to a significant (ca. 10-fold) reduction in the number of sessile cells for both species, compared to mono-species ones, with interspecies interactions however found to not exert any significant effect on the disinfection resistance of each species as a whole. However, PFGE analysis revealed that the different strains here employed behaved differently with regard to biofilm formation and disinfection resistance, with this effect to be also strongly dependent on the culture conditions (mono-/dual-species) and the disinfectant applied. Such results expand our knowledge on multi-species biofilms formed by foodborne pathogenic bacteria and could hopefully be helpful in our efforts to develop effective elimination strategies and thus improve food safety.     

Modeling heterogeneous photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli using suspended and immobilized TiO2 reactors

A study was carried out to develop a kinetic model of the photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli using different TiO₂ catalysts. The model developed is based on a reaction scheme that involves effectively coupling mass‐transfer fluxes between bacteria and catalyst surface on one hand and bacterial degradation reaction on the other. The photocatalytic results were derived from experiments led in a batch reactor under both dark and Ultra Violet (UV) irradiation conditions. Using a reference catalyst, the robustness of the developed model was tested under solar conditions. The experimental data validated the model as successfully able to reproduce evolutions in the viable bacteria concentration in the range of parameters studied without any further adjustment of the kinetic parameters. The model was used to simulate the bacterial degradation kinetics under different working conditions to describe the partitioning of both bacterial adhesion and photocatalytic reaction in the solution to be treated © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2532–2542, 2015     

Impact of source waters,disinfectants, seasons and treatment approaches on trihalomethanes in drinking water: a comparison based on the size of municipal systems

This study compares concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) in municipal water for 2001–2007 from the small and large systems in two provinces in Canada (Newfoundland and Quebec) based on source waters, disinfectants, seasons and treatment approaches. Approximately 71 and 94%, respectively, of the municipal systems in Quebec and Newfoundland are small systems (serving fewer than 3000 people). The small systems serve approximately 8.6% (0.57 million) and 44.1% (0.18 million) of the populations in Quebec and Newfoundland, respectively. Concentrations of THMs and its variability are much higher in the small systems (Quebec: 0–941 μg/L; Newfoundland: 0–875 μg/L) than in the systems with populations 10 000 or more (Quebec: 0–364 μg/L; Newfoundland: 2.3–205 μg/L). The study reveals that the differences in THMs between the small and medium/large systems are because of different types of source waters, treatments, disinfection strategies and seasons. The results emphasize that regulatory agencies must focus more on the occurrence of DBPs in small systems and identify strategies to reduce their levels in drinking water.     

玉米深加工生产废水深度处理工程实例

以某玉米深加工公司生产废水的深度处理工程为例,对现有污水处理工艺进行了改造设计,将生物曝气滤池+臭氧消毒+转盘滤布滤池+超滤工艺作为深度处理工艺串联在原有污水处理站,介绍了该深度处理工艺特点、设计参数、处理效果及运行成本。经过深度处理,出水水质由原《污水综合排放标准》二级标准提高到《生活杂用水水质标准》,新增水处理费用仅为0.128元/m3,清水回收率可达97%。     

二氧化氯在电厂循环冷却水系统中的应用

针对河北邯郸热电股份有限公司循环冷却水pH值下降,造成循环冷却水系统中碳钢、水泥构件的严重腐蚀的问题。采取在循环冷却水系统中投加二氧化氯进行杀菌处理的措施,对二氧化氯投加方式进行正确选择,有效抑制了系统中生化反应,提高了循环冷却水水质。     

电凝聚对微污染水净化的研究

通过改变电流密度、通电时间、沉淀时间等因素,采用电凝聚法对微污染水中的细菌、浊度、CODMn的去除进行了试验研究。得出电凝聚通过电解氧化、凝聚和气浮联合作用,对微污染水中的浊度、细菌能有效地去除,同时对CODMn具有很强的降解作用。