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71.
Miguel Pinto Marlene Rebola Henriqueta Louro Alexandra M. M. Antunes Silvia S. José Maria Rocha 《Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds》2013,33(4):356-371
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most persistent and toxic organic micropollutants present in water and several of them are mutagenic and carcinogenic. Although it has been shown that chlorinated derivatives of PAHs (Cl-PAHs) may be formed during the water chlorination procedure, little is known about their potential genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. The objectives of the present work were to prepare and characterize the major chlorinated derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and fluoranthene (Fluo), to develop an analytical methodology for their quantification in water samples and to analyse their potential genotoxicity. Chlorinated standards were prepared by a newly developed two phase method (water/n-hexane) using sodium hypochlorite. 6-Chloro-benzo[a]pyrene was selectively obtained from BaP, while 1,3-dichloro-fluoranthene and 3-chloro-fluoranthene were obtained from Fluo. All products were isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The formation of BaP- and Fluo-chlorinated derivatives under aqueous chlorination conditions was observed using a SPE-HPLC-FLD methodology. In addition, the cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of the three chlorinated derivatives were analyzed in comparison to their parent compounds, in a human-derived hepatoma cell line using the neutral red uptake and comet assays, respectively. The results showed that, at the equimolar doses of 100 and 125 μM, 6-Cl-BaP was able to induce a significantly higher level of DNA damage than BaP, suggesting a more potent genotoxic effect. In contrast, neither Fluo nor its chlorinated derivatives were genotoxic in the same cell line. The identification of new and possibly hazardous water chlorination by-product from PAHs emphasizes the need to minimize total organic carbon content of raw water and the implementation of safer water disinfection methods. 相似文献
72.
For the first time solar disinfection of liters of water containing wild Salmonella sp. and total coliforms was carried out in a compound parabolic collector (CPC) photoreactor at temperatures of almost 50 °C. Using surface water with high turbidity, this treatment was efficient in completely inactivating Salmonella sp. without regrowth during the subsequent 72 h of dark sterile storage. However if the solar treated water is poured in a non- sterile container, bacteria regrowth occurs even if 10 mg L−1 of H2O2 is added before the storage. On the other hand, 30 mg L−1 of H2O2 added when the irradiation started was completely depleted within 2 h and did not prevent bacterial regrowth during post-irradiation storage in non-sterile containers, demonstrating that storage of large volumes of water treated by solar irradiation was not optimal. Finally, total coliforms (Escherichia coli included) showed a far higher sensitivity than Salmonella sp. and demonstrated to be an inappropriate indicator for monitoring bacterial contamination in water during solar disinfection processes. 相似文献
73.
确定了医院废水采用二氧化氯进行消毒。具有消毒效果好、符合污染物国家一级排放标准(GB8978—1996)、运行费用低等特点。本实践给同类污水消毒,提供了借鉴作用。 相似文献
74.
S. Abderrahmane A. Himour L. Ponsonnet 《Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications》2008,28(5-6):901-905
This work is devoted to the biocides effects by electrochlorination under a pulsated bipolar polarization (PBP) of low potentials (− 1 V/cm to + 1.6 V/cm). Two working electrodes were used, one in platinum and the other in AISI 430 stainless steel, in two different electrolytes: sterilized distilled water and 0,9N sterilized NaCl solution, contaminated by E. Coli or by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. The inactivation of these bacteria was established under the action of three biocide treatments: E.F (Electric Field); the combination of E.F and Active Chlorine (A.C) and the combination of E.F, A.C and Ions in Solutions (I.S). The synergistic effect of these treatments leads to a high efficiency in disinfection. The results showed that the total inactivation of the E. Coli stain is reached in half a minute, while that of P. aeruginosa is reached in 20 min. The use of an economic stainless steel electrode allowed us to observe that, for pulsate frequencies higher than 103 s− 1, the formation of active chlorine increased whereas the corrosion speed decreased. 相似文献
75.
Juan M. Coronado Javier Soria José Carlos Conesa Ricardo Bellod Cristina Adán Hiroyuki Yamaoka Vittorio Loddo Vincenzo Augugliaro 《Topics in Catalysis》2005,35(3-4):279-286
A continuous photoreactor, working in a total recycle mode and irradiated by a low-pressure Hg lamp, has been used to study
the bactericidal effect of a photocatalyst, formed by TiO2 embedded in SiO2 fibres, on Legionella pneumophila and a consortium of common gram-negative aerobic bacteria: (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomona sp. and Proteus sp.) in water. The kinetic modeling of the inactivation process, carried out with the measured values of viable bacteria
concentration at the outlet of photoreactor, evidenced that for each pass inside the photoreactor the ratio between the outlet
and inlet cell concentrations was of order of 0.01 for the inactivation of L. pneumophila. For the other aerobic bacteria, which are usually taken as reference in photocatalytic bacteria inactivation studies, this
ratio was of order of 0.3 for the first hour of illumination, while upon prolonged irradiation (up to 9 h) this ratio increased
to 0.7. Several factors inducing this latter decrease of efficiency are possible, as e.g. competition for photocatalytic attack
between microorganisms and organic compounds released by damaged bacteria or photoinduced alteration of a small fraction of
still viable bacteria making them less interactive with the photocatalyst. The inactivation mechanism normally proposed for
common bacteria involves an initial attack of the photogenerated radicals to the outer membrane; the consequent membrane dispersion
allows the radicals to damage the cytoplasmic membrane. The higher lethality of the photocatalytic method observed towards
Legionella: (in comparison to the other aerobic bacteria) is explained considering that the radicals attack the Legionella secretion system, which is adapted for high virulence and would become activated for and through adhesion to the TiO2 surface. This attack would then be able to inactivate L. pneumophila without dispersing the outer membrane. Apart from this, the water flow through the catalyst fibres can facilitate the bacteria
transport towards the anatase surface, and additionally the generated shear stress may help adhesion, at least for some bacteria
as E. coli, contributing further to improve the photokilling efficiency; both factors may contribute to the efficiency of this photoreactor
configuration. 相似文献
76.
Romana Khan Imran Hashmi Amrah Qureshi Sajida Rasheed 《Water and Environment Journal》2021,35(1):269-284
Disinfection practices reduce the incidence of water‐borne diseases but may result in formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in raw water that are reported to be carcinogenic. Central composite design (CCD) was employed in the present study for optimization of disinfectant dose and contact time with the rationale to evaluate if an optimal balance could be achieved between minimal DBPs formation and effective microbial inactivation with either free or combined chlorine in treated water within a lab‐scale prototype network to simulate real water distribution network conditions. After a series of experimental runs based upon design of experiments (DoE) by CCD, dose was found to be the most significant factor (P < 0.01) in determining DBPs formation in both disinfectant’s applications. Where, contact time significantly (P < 0.01) affected bacterial inactivation in chlorination experiments, in contrast, dose was effective in chloramination experiments. Thus, it was concluded that the optimal balance may be achieved in the water networks with the help of multifactorial optimization when disinfectant dose was maintained near 3 mg/L as applied chlorine dose in both disinfection cases, while contact time was 62 and 155 min for chlorine and chloramine, respectively. 相似文献
77.
78.
79.
加氯消毒是制水厂最基本且最重要的水处理单元,文章对某水厂现有加氯工艺进行研究探讨,并对该加氯工艺进行优化控制,以确保水质卫生学指标安全,降低氯消毒副产物(如THMs)的生成量。 相似文献
80.
广东某再生资源有限公司喷胶棉污水处理工程,设计处理能力为1000m3/d,污水分两部分:生活污水,生产废水。处理水量各为500m3/d,即20.8m3/h。生活污水采用接触氧化—沉淀—砂滤工艺;生产废水采用混凝沉淀—过滤—混凝沉淀—砂滤—活性炭吸附—消毒工艺。从2007年5月运行以来出水一直稳定达到并高于广东省《水污染物排放限值》(DB44/26-2001)第二时段一级标准。文章主要介绍该工程得工程概况,调试过程和运行效果。 相似文献