Cycling of lithium/metal oxide cells using composite electrolytes containing fumed silicas

The effect on cycle capacity is reported of cathode material (metal oxide, carbon, and current collector) in lithium/metal oxide cells cycled with fumed silica-based composite electrolytes. Three types of electrolytes are compared: filler-free electrolyte consisting of methyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) oligomer (PEGdm, M_w=250)+lithium bis(trifluromethylsufonyl)imide (LiTFSI) (Li:O=1:20), and two composite systems of the above baseline liquid electrolyte containing 10-wt% A200 (hydrophilic fumed silica) or R805 (hydrophobic fumed silica with octyl surface group). The composite electrolytes are solid-like gels. Three cathode active materials (LiCoO₂, V₆O₁₃, and Li_xMnO₂), four conducting carbons (graphite Timrex® SFG 15, SFG 44, carbon black Vulcan XC72R, and Ketjenblack EC-600JD), and three current collector materials (Al, Ni, and carbon fiber) were studied. Cells with composite electrolytes show higher capacity, reduced capacity fade, and less cell polarization than those with filler-free electrolyte. Among the three active materials studied, V₆O₁₃ cathodes deliver the highest capacity and Li_xMnO₂ cathodes render the best capacity retention. Discharge capacity of Li/LiCoO₂ cells is affected greatly by cathode carbon type, and the capacity decreases in the order of Ketjenblack>SFG 15>SFG 44>Vulcan. Current collector material also plays a significant role in cell cycling performance. Lithium/vanadium oxide (V₆O₁₃) cells deliver increased capacity using Ni foil and carbon fiber current collectors in comparison to an Al foil current collector.     

Binder effect on cycling performance of silicon/carbon composite anodes for lithium ion batteries

The cycling performance of a silicon/carbon composite anode has been significantly enhanced by using acrylic adhesive and modified acrylic adhesive as binder to fabricate the electrodes for lithium ion batteries. The capacity retentions of Si/C composite electrodes bound by acrylic adhesive and modified acrylic adhesive are 79% and 90% after 50 cycles, respectively. These two binders are electrochemically stable in the organic electrolyte in the working window. They also show larger adhesion strength between the coating and the Cu current collector as well as smaller solvent absorption in the electrolyte solvent than polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Furthermore, sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) plays an important role on improving the properties of acrylic adhesive, which increases the adhesive strength of acrylic adhesive and improves the activation of the electrodes.     

Microstructure and thermal cycling behavior of thermal barrier coating on near-α titanium alloy

Two kinds of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), consisting of NiCoCrAlY bond coats (BCs) deposited by electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying, respectively, and top 8 wt%Y₂O₃–ZrO₂ (8YSZ) ceramic layers deposited by EB-PVD were prepared on near-α titanium alloys. The field emission scanning electronic microscopy and microhardness indentation are used to study the microstructure and microhardness. Different failure features including cracking patterns and the delamination degree of these two TBCs are discussed according to the thermal cycling tests in the atmosphere. It is found that the morphology of the two BCs deposited by different methods (EB-PVD and HVOF) determines the microstructure and microhardness of their corresponding top 8YSZ layers. The BC prepared by EB-PVD is dense and homogeneous, which leads to a dense and hard 8YSZ with clustered slim columnar grains. The BC prepared by HVOF, however, is porous and inhomogeneous in microstructure and, as a result, the top ceramic layer is loose with low microhardness and clustered coarse columnar grains.     

混凝土受硫酸盐侵蚀的环境因素研究现状

硫酸盐侵蚀是水泥混凝土结构病害劣化的主要原因之一.海水、盐湖、地下水等环境中大多含有硫酸盐,混凝土组分本身也有可能带有硫酸盐,而它们在各种条件下对混凝土产生腐蚀作用,使其发生破坏.文章分析了阳离子、阴离子、硫酸盐浓度、温度、PH值、干湿循环及冻融循环、荷载作用等因素对混凝土受硫酸盐侵蚀的影响,综述了目前的研究现状,指出了当前研究成果中的成就与不足.     

Cycling hardening and serration yielding of Fe-Ni-Cr alloy at high temperature under out-phase TMF

Behaviour of hardening and serration yield of a Fe-Ni-Cr alloy under isothermal cycling (ISC) and out-phase TMF was studied on the basis of varied hysteresis loops. Cycling hardening and serrated yielding for ISC depend on the temperature and the total strain range, stronger hardening with serrated yielding at higher strain range under ISC at 600 °C, but no hardening and serrated yielding occurred under ISC at 800 °C. Stronger hardening with stress serration occurred at the thermal path going to the lowest temperature, no stress serration occurred at the highest temperature under the out-phase. The hardening also depends on the total strain range, higher total strain range with lower cycling temperature resulted in a stronger hardening and remarkable serration yielding behavior. Weaker hardening without serrated yielding occurred at near 800 °C may due to an obvious cycling stress drop under out-phase TMF. Change in the shape of the hysteresis loops also expresses the degree of the damage of the tested alloy under out-phase and ISC.     

我国煤炭企业发展循环经济研究

首先分析了煤炭企业发展循环经济的必要性,在此基础上对煤炭企业发展循环经济的主要内容进行了具体阐释,最后着重探讨了煤炭企业发展循环经济的基本原则。     

氯盐干湿循环作用下混凝土力学性能与孔结构变化研究

为探究淡水区和氯盐环境下干湿循环对混凝土构件的影响差异,分别模拟了无氯盐和有氯盐作用的干湿循环环境,测试干湿循环前后混凝土的抗压强度、动弹模量、微观孔结构参数及孔径分布情况,比较了宏微观指标变化程度。结果表明,两种干湿循环作用均对混凝土抗压强度有少许增强作用,微观表现为孔隙率的减小;两种干湿循环均会降低混凝土的动弹模量,使混凝土内部出现损伤,微观表现为混凝土孔径分布情况变差,特别是大孔含量有增加。一般干湿循环会使混凝土抗渗性增强,氯盐干湿循环会降低混凝土抗渗性,微观表现为一般干湿循环后混凝土临界孔径减小,而氯盐干湿循环后,混凝土临界孔径增大。     

Preparation and characterization of high strength and high modulus PVA fiber via dry-wet spinning with cross-linking of boric acid

To improve the mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, a series of PVA fibers were prepared via dry-wet spinning with cross-linking of boric acid (BA) (PVA/BA fibers), and using the mixed solvent of dimethyl sulfoxide and water. Moreover, the final PVA/BA fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and yarn strength tester. Furthermore, with the increasing of BA content, FTIR analysis showed that the degree of crosslinking of BA with PVA increased. SEM images of final PVA/BA fibers presented smooth surfaces, and the diameters decreased firstly and then increased. DSC, TGA, and XRD analysis indicated that the melting temperatures, thermal properties and crystallinities first increased and then decreased with the increasing of BA content. In addition, mechanical properties measurements illustrated that the cross-linking existed at an optimal BA content of 0.3 wt%, and PVA/BA-0.3 fiber had the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus of 13.1 ± 0.4 and 360.2 ± 10.4 cN/dtex, respectively.     

干湿联合冷却塔消雾节水特性的耦合研究

随着节水、减排、环保等问题的日益严峻,消雾节水型冷却塔逐渐受重视。针对消雾节水型干湿联合冷却塔,建立其传热传质过程气水参数变化的理论计算模型,根据其出塔空气与环境空气掺混过程参数变化,计算分析其成雾特性、蒸发水量,并结合文献数据验证了计算模型的正确性。对标干湿联合冷却塔消雾验收测试的典型规程,通过出塔空气干湿球温度曲线、最大相对湿度曲线、成雾频率曲线和塔雾指数等,结合某干湿联合冷却塔实测数据,分析了干区进水比例对消雾特性、节水特性、冷却特性的影响。对所研究工况,百叶窗全开时干区进水比例越高,干湿联合冷却塔的消雾节水性能及冷却性能越好,为干湿联合冷却塔的设计优化和运行优化提供了参考和指导。