用先进适用技术和高新技术提升我国传统法尿素装置(2)--传统21法

传统21法是针对我国传统法尿素工艺存在的问题,在汲取了ACES21法和NH3汽提法两流程优点的基础上组合而成的技术改造流程,属于提高第一分解回收段压力的汽提法技改方案。论述了该技改方案的技术基础、流程选择、化工过程、技术关键,以及传统21法的技术特点和工艺流程。作者提出了由传统21法工艺技术和DCS＋3个高级控制系统组合而成的提升我国传统法尿素装置的技改方案。     

估算低温下金属材料应变疲劳寿命和疲劳极限的新方法

本文建立了估算低温下金属材料应变疲劳寿命的新方法,并首次提出了金属疲劳极限的热激活模型。该模型可定量地解释温度和频率对疲劳极限的影响。研究结果表明,提出的应变疲劳公式可很好地拟合低温下金属材料应变疲劳寿命的实验结果;疲劳极限可表示成非热激活分量σ_(ai)(ε_(apc))和热激活分量σ_a~*(T,ε_p)之和;σ_(ai)(ε_(apc))是与温度和频率(或应变速率)无关的材料常数;σ_a~*(T,ε_p)与流变应力的热激活分量近似相等。最后用文献中的实验数据对本文提出的低温下就应变疲劳寿命和疲劳极限的估算方法进行了验证。     

玻璃钢复合材料在海洋环境下的抗冻耐久性能研究

采用1 000次冻融循环试验研究了189不饱和聚酯玻璃钢和MFE–2,MFE–711,MFE–W1环氧乙烯基酯玻璃钢在海水中的抗冻耐久性能。结果表明,1 000次冻融循环试验后,189不饱和聚酯玻璃钢和MFE–711环氧乙烯基酯玻璃钢的树脂基体在冻融循环产生的应力作用下发生开裂破坏,弯曲强度保留率降低至30%左右,渗入189不饱和聚酯玻璃钢和MFE–711环氧乙烯基酯玻璃钢包覆的混凝土试样表层的氯离子质量分数分别为0.08%和0.12%;MFE–2和MFE–W1环氧乙烯基酯玻璃钢在750次冻融循环后,弯曲强度保留率降至最低值65%,且不再随冻融循环次数增加而降低,1 000次冻融循环后,在MFE–2和MFE–W1环氧乙烯基酯玻璃钢包覆的混凝土试样表层未检测到氯离子渗入,它们的树脂基体在冻融循环产生的应力作用下未发生开裂破坏,具有较好的抗冻耐久性能。玻璃钢复合材料的冻融破坏是缓慢累积的过程,至少需要1 000次的冻融循环试验才能区分其抗冻耐久性能的优劣。     

干湿时间比对海工混凝土结构氯盐扩散的影响研究

为了探究海洋环境干湿交替区混凝土结构中氯离子扩散规律,将干湿时间比量化,对应连云港港口泊位现场环境与结构状况设计进行干湿交替区的混凝土构件在不同干湿时间比和不同压应力水平下的室内氯盐加速侵蚀试验,以混凝土内部扩散区的氯离子扩散系数和表面氯离子浓度作为侵蚀指标,将室内加速试验与现场试验的结果对比,分析干湿时间比和应力水平对氯离子扩散的影响.结果证明室内试验取得良好的加速侵蚀效果,试验结果表明对于干湿交替区的混凝土结构,干湿时间比对氯离子扩散的影响十分显著,不同的干湿时间比甚至将氯离子扩散系数提高2倍,其影响力远高于压应力水平.     

铅酸蓄电池正极活性物质的研究

采用有效添加剂,提高了铅酸蓄电池正极活性物质利用率,延长了使用寿命.软化脱粉现象明显改善.通过X射线衍射分析、电子扫描显微镜分析和比表面的测定,解释了不同添加剂对PbO_2电极的组成、结构和性能的影响原因,确定了添加剂的最佳合量,从而得到较好的配方.     

Effect of the amount of reducing agent on surface structures, electrochemical activity and stability of PtRu catalysts

The effect of the amount of reducing agent used in the synthesis of PtRu alloy catalysts on their surface structure was investigated, and the prepared catalysts were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and potential cycling. The alloying degree of the catalysts was essentially the same for all of the catalysts studied, despite the use of different amounts of reducing agent. Varying the amount of reducing agent resulted in changes in the surface composition of the catalysts, wherein the surfaces were found to be composed of several PtRu domains that differed in local inhomogeneity and hence showed differences in activity for CO_ad oxidation. The highest activity for methanol oxidation was obtained when there was moderate Ru enrichment of the catalyst. The electrochemical stability of the catalysts was also investigated via potential cycling in a methanol-containing electrolyte solution. The electrochemical stability under methanol oxidation was enhanced by Ru-enrichment at the catalyst surface, because the Ru-rich surface had sufficient Ru atoms near the Pt atoms to act as a bifunctional catalyst, even though the Ru atoms were leached out by potential cycling. The most Ru-rich catalyst exhibited an increase in methanol oxidation current in the middle of potential cycling whereas the other catalysts showed a monotonic decrease.     

The effect of grazing intensity and the presence of a forage legume on nitrogen dynamics in Brachiaria pastures in the Atlantic forest region of the south of Bahia, Brazil

It has been shown that with careful grazing management and addition of Pand K, but not N, fertilisers Brachiaria pastures are ableto maintain sustainable live weight gains over many years. However, standardon-farm practice, which generally involves high stocking rates, leads after afew years to pasture decline due mainly to N deficiency for grass regrowth. Togenerate an understanding of the mechanism of pasture decline and possiblemanagement options to mitigate this process, a study was performed in theAtlantic forest region of the south of Bahia state to study the N dynamics inpastures of Brachiaria humidicola subject to threedifferent stocking rates of beef cattle, with and without the presence of theforage legume Desmodium ovalifolium. Despite the fact thatthe C:N ratio of the deposited litter was high (60 to 70) the rate ofdecomposition was very rapid (k –0.07 gg^–1 day^–1) and annual rates of Nturnover through the litter pathway were between 105 and 170 kg Nha^–1 year^–1. In the grass-onlypasturesas stocking rate increased from 2 to 3 head ha^–1, N recycledinthe litter decreased by 11%, but a further increase to 4 headha^–1 decreased N recycling by 30% suggesting thatbeyonda certain critical level higher grazing stocking rates would lead to pasturedecline if there was no N addition. High stocking rates decreased theproportionof the legume in the sward, but at all rates the concentration of N in both thegreen and dead grass in the forage on offer and in the litter was higher in themixed sward. The presence of the legume caused a decrease in the C:N ratio ofthe microbial biomass while both soil N mineralisation and nitrificationincreased. This increased rate of turnover of the microbial biomass and thecontribution of N₂ fixation to the legume resulted in largeincreasesin the N recycled via litter deposition ranging from 42 to 155 kg Nha^–1 year^–1.     

Electrochemical supercapacitors based on industrial carbon blacks in aqueous H2SO4

It is shown that industrial carbon blacks (CBs) are interesting materials for electrochemical supercapacitors (ECSCs). The specific areas A _s ranged from 28 to 1690 m² g^–1. The highest values were realized through activation in CO₂ at 1100 °C. Precompacted carbon black electrodes with 5–10 wt% PTFE as a binder in the pellet in 10–12 M H₂SO₄ were characterized by constant current cycling, CCC, j = 20–50 mA cm^–2. Voltage–time curves showed nearly pure capacitive behaviour. Specific capacitance of single electrodes, C _s,1, could be derived therefrom. A plot of C _s,1 against A _s shows a linear behavior according to C _s,1 = C _A,DL A _s, where C _A,DL is the Helmholtz double layer capacitance per atomic surface area. Best fit was obtained with C _A,DL = 16 F cm^–2. The highest experimental values, C _s,1 = 250 F g^–1, are due to 60% of the theoretical maximum, which corresponds to an A _s calculated from both faces of isolated graphene layers. Only marginal pseudocapacitances are observed. Model cells for ECSCs (with microporous Celgard^TM separators) could be extensively cycled (CCC). A monopolar cell endured Z > 2000 cycles. Bipolar cells (5 units) allowed 700 cycles. Practical problems such as the development of electrode holders and of carbon black filled polypropylene composites for current collectors are discussed. It is concluded that entirely metal-free ECSCs with low cost can be produced.     

Fabrication of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)/poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC)/ethylene‐α‐octene block copolymer (OBC) triple shape memory blends with cycling performance by constructing a co‐continuous phase morphology

In this paper, a triple shape memory material was prepared by ultra‐simple melt blending from poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and ethylene‐α‐octene block copolymer (OBC). The obtained material possessed a co‐continuous phase morphology and presented an excellent triple shape memory effect (triple‐SME). Theoretical prediction demonstrated that a special continuous phase morphology could be constructed by adjusting the proportions of the blend. Moreover, the results indicated that a close relationship existed between the phase morphology and the triple‐SME of PCL/PPC/OBC. The sample with 35 vol% PPC content contributed to the formation of a continuous phase morphology and exhibited the optimal triple‐SME. Additionally, the sample PCL/PPC/OBC (32.5/35/32.5) showed outstanding structure and performance stability during cycle loading–unloading tests, which evidenced the prominent cycling shape memory property (nearly 100% shape fixing and recovery of temporary shape). Overall, this work could provide an efficient, convenient and recyclable method to obtain high‐performance shape memory materials. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry