高炉镍铁渣和钢纤维改性混凝土的耐热性和热损伤规律

利用高炉镍铁渣和钢纤维对混凝土进行了改性,并通过强度试验及波速测试对改性混凝土在热循环后的力学特性和热损伤规律进行了研究.强度试验表明:热循环对改性混凝土的强度退化具有积累效果;适量的高炉镍铁渣和钢纤维可以提高混凝土的耐热性,但过多的钢纤维会降低混凝土的耐热性;其中钢纤维的最佳掺量为0.5％ ～1.0％(体积分数).波...     

海水冻融后轻骨料混凝土的双轴压压强度和变形性能

针对我国渤海湾北部海域轻骨料混凝土结构的工作环境和受力状态,进行了海水中不同冻融循环次数后轻骨料混凝土的双轴压压强度试验,考察了试件的破坏形态和表面裂缝的走向特征。根据试验结果,分析了极限抗压强度随冻融循环次数和应力比的变化规律,并在此基础上建立了考虑海水冻融影响的双轴压压强度准则。探讨了冻融循环作用后轻骨料混凝土的双轴压压变形性能,包括峰值应变、应力-应变关系随冻融循环次数和应力比的变化规律。研究结果说明,随冻融循环次数的增加各种应力比下的应力-应变关系曲线均逐渐扁平,峰值应力点明显下降并右移,说明混凝土的极限抗压强度逐渐降低。     

大型单轴燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组控制系统及其特点

分析了德国西门子（SIEMENS）、美国通用电气（GE）、日本三菱（MITSUBISHI）和瑞士阿尔斯通（ALSTOM）4家公司的大型单轴燃气 — 蒸汽联合循环机组配套的控制系统组态，并比较了它们的技术指标和特点。     

Damage Behavior of SnAgCu Solder under Thermal Cycling

电子封装焊点的热循环失效是焊点材料损伤逐步发展的结果,本工作旨在对SnAgCu钎料的热循环损伤失效行为进行研究.以连续损伤力学理论为基础,提出了一种适用于热循环条件下SnAgCu钎料蠕变-疲劳交互作用的损伤模型.据此,设计了热力循环实验和热循环实验用以标定损伤模型相关参量.自行设计了双金属剪切加载装置并结合温度循环实验,对SnAgCu钎料的热力耦合损伤行为进行了深入研究.以电阻变化率作为损伤变量,并在热循环的不同周次测量试样的损伤值从而验证损伤模型.结果表明:所提出的幂函数形式的损伤模型能较好的描述SnAgCu钎料的热循环损伤演变.最后,对热循环条件下SnAgCu钎料试样的微观组织演变进行了SEM分析,从而揭示其损伤演变机理.     

马河水库溢洪道干喷纤维混凝土加固工程研究

根据喷射混凝土的施工工艺,采用现场喷制试件的方法,研究了加固马河水库溢洪道所用干喷聚丙烯纤维混凝土的塑裂性能,用切割法制作试件,研究了喷射纤维混凝土的抗冻性以及冻融循环对纤维混凝土与浆砌石界面黏结强度的影响.试验结果表明:低掺量聚丙烯纤维可抑制混凝土塑裂,提高抗冻融循环能力;干喷纤维混凝土与浆砌石之间的劈裂黏结强度随时间的延长而提高,且受冻融循环影响很小;选择合适的材料和施工工艺,可有效地降低干喷纤维混凝土的回弹率.     

我国旱涝交替事件识别及演变规律

为了识别我国旱涝交替事件以及探究其时空演变规律,引入降雨距平指数(RAI),并提出了一种在月尺度上识别旱涝交替事件的简便易操作的研究方法.结果表明:我国旱涝交替事件具有明显的年内分布规律,4—8月份旱涝交替事件发生频次明显增加,8月份以后,旱涝交替事件发生次数减少.不同月份,旱涝交替事件高频区的分布也不同,4—6月份主...     

Design of experiment approach applied to reducing and oxidizing tolerance of anode supported solid oxide fuel cell. Part II: Electrical, electrochemical and microstructural characterization of tape-cast cells

One of the major limitations of the nickel (Ni) - yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) anode support for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) is its low capability to withstand transients between reducing and oxidizing atmospheres (“RedOx” cycle), owing to the Ni-to-NiO volume expansion. This work presents results on different anode supports fabricated by tape casting. Three compositions are prepared, as the outcome of a preceding design of experiment approach. The NiO proportion is 40, 50 and 60 wt% of the anode composite.The anode support characteristics like shrinkage during sintering, in-situ conductivity at high temperature, electrochemical performance and tolerance against RedOx cycles have been measured. Performance up to 0.72 W cm⁻² (0.62 V, 800 °C) is recorded for the 60 wt% NiO sample on small cells. The open circuit voltage is maintained within ±5 mV after 10 full RedOx cycles at 800 °C and one at 850 °C. Performances tend to be stabilized after one or multiple RedOx cycles. The microstructural observations show round Ni particles after the first reduction; after a RedOx cycle, the Ni particles include micro-porosities that are stable under humidified reducing atmosphere for more than 300 h.     

A Cyclic Internal Pressure Characteristics Analysis of Long Distance Transmission Pipelines

The objective of this work is to present the cyclic internal pressure behaviors and generated reasons of different long distance transmission pipelines, considering transported fluid, in-service period, and pressure data sampling methods. Rainflow counting method is adopted to obtain pressure cycles, and the analysis results indicate that pipelines pressure show variously in respects of cycle number and amplitude value, and pressure cycling reasons and suggestions are specially discussed. The authors argue that suitable operation scheme should be carried out to avoid unnecessary pipeline damage according to the oil or gas pipelines’ special pressure fluctuation characteristics and generated reasons.     

Diagnosis of PTFE‐Nafion MEA degradation modes by an accelerated degradation technique

Cost and durability are central issues in the commercialization of proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells. This study used complex accelerated‐degradation protocols to diagnose the degradation modes of low‐cost polytetrafluoroethylene–Nafion membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). Acceleration protocols included open‐circuit voltage, relative humidity cycling, and load cycling. Failure modes included measurements of cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, polarization curve, and AC impedance. The four modes (stages) of degradation were determined to be (i) catalyst aging, (ii) creep deformation, (iii) pinhole formation, and (iv) membrane failure. During catalyst aging, the maximum power density decreased by 0.117 mW cm^?2 cycle^?1. After the 280th cycle, creep deformation occurred, and the maximum power density decreased by 0.227 mW cm^?2 cycle^?1. Pinholes led to membrane failure and a final dramatic loss of performance (?0.453 mW cm^?2 cycle^?1). Therefore, membrane failure is the major factor in the failure of MEAs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Large scale integration of wind power: moderating thermal power plant cycling

Power plant cycling in thermal plants typically implies high costs and emissions. It is, therefore, important to find ways to reduce the influence of variations in wind power generation on these plants without forsaking large amounts of wind power. Using a unit commitment model, this work investigates the possibility to reduce variations by means of a moderator, such as a storage unit or import/export capacity. The relation between the reduction in CO₂‐emissions and the power rating of the moderator is investigated, as well as the benefit of a moderator which handles weekly variations compared with a moderator which has to be balanced on a daily basis. It is found that a daily balanced moderator yields a decrease in emissions of about 2% at 20% wind power grid penetration. The reduction in emissions is mainly due to an avoidance of start‐up and part load emissions and a moderator of modest power rating is sufficient to achieve most of this decrease. In the case of a weekly balanced moderator, emissions are reduced as the moderator power rating increases. At 40% wind power grid penetration, a weekly balanced moderator reduces emissions with up to 11%. The major part of this reduction is due to the avoidance of wind power curtailment. The simulated benefit (CO₂‐emissions and costs) from adding a general moderator is compared with emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies and cost data of five available moderator technologies; transmission capacity, pumped hydro power, compressed air energy storage, flow batteries and sodium sulphur batteries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.