膨胀土边坡长期强度变形特性和稳定性研究

调查表明,许多经计算分析认为稳定的新开挖膨胀土边坡随着时间的推移发生了失稳破坏,笔者利用离心模型试验针对这一问题开展了较为深入的试验研究。结果发现,干湿循环是导致这一问题产生的根本原因。干湿循环使得膨胀土边坡产生裂缝,随着干湿循环次数的增加,裂缝逐渐变宽变深。裂缝的存在不仅削弱了膨胀土边坡土体的结构,而且为水的入渗提供了通道,从而使土体软化,强度降低。每次干湿循环,膨胀土边坡均累积了向坡下的沉降和水平位移,随着干湿循环的次数的增加,不论边坡土体密度高低,最终都将导致膨胀土边坡的渐进破坏。室内三轴试验由于不能模拟干湿循环作用下膨胀土边坡裂缝的产生和发展过程以及水的入渗对其强度和变形特性的影响,因此,其得出的强度和变形指标直接应用于膨胀土边坡的变形和稳定分析是不合适的。防止膨胀土边坡发生破坏的最关键的措施是尽可能隔断其与外界的水分交换,如不能隔断其与外界的水分交换,也应采取合适的排水措施,以尽可能防膨胀土边坡充分湿化。     

干湿循环条件下早龄期混凝土氯离子扩散系数研究

通过开展干湿循环条件下混凝土受氯离子侵蚀的试验,对比了标准养护的试件,分析了氯离子的扩散系数,并研究了混凝土的早期抗氯离子侵蚀能力,试验结果表明,干湿循环条件下,混凝土氯离子扩散系数明显升高,抗氯离子侵蚀能力大大降低,特别是在早龄期,差异较大。     

冻融循环下压实度对粉质黏土力学性质影响的试验研究

 冻融循环是冻土地区路基填料性能劣化的主要因素之一。以压实度和冻融循环次数为主要变量,对青藏高原粉质黏土力学性质的变化规律进行三轴试验研究。试验结果表明：初始压实度对粉质黏土力学性质的冻融效应具有显著影响。不同压实度试样的应力–应变曲线形式随冻融次数的增加趋于接近,并由应变软化型向硬化型过渡。封闭系统中试样的水分迁移会引起含水率的增减分区分布,低压实度有利于增大水分迁移量和含水率增高区的分布范围。冻融过程对高压实试样的破坏强度以降低为主,对低压实度试样则相反。在最优含水率附近,土体抗剪强度随含水率呈非线性变化规律,因此试样内部水分重分布也可能会导致强度的改变,且其作用效果受压实度影响具有不确定性,压实度较高时会导致试样黏聚力减小,压实度较低时则相反;不同压实度下内摩擦角均呈现增大的趋势,且压实度越低,变化幅度越大。冻融过程中,土体干密度和含水率变化对力学性质的影响是同时存在的,由于初始压实度和冻融次数的不同,对强度变化起主导作用的因素也不同。水分重分布是不同压实度土体力学性质冻融循环效应的整体趋势和具体过程呈现多样化的原因之一。     

热循环对Cu-Zn-Al合金记忆效应的影响

利用相变参数测量、变温金相观察、Ｘ－射线衍射等方法研究了热循环对Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金马氏体相变和双向记忆效应的影响。热循环使合金相变点升高，可逆马氏体量减少，记忆性能衰减，滞后环宽度变窄。在组织结构上，伴随着热循环，合金有序度降低，并出现高度稳定的残留马氏体。使晶粒粗化，提高合金Ａｌ质量分数，适当提高约束加热训练温度均可改善合金抗热循环性能。     

Effect of the frequency of mechanical pulses for fatigue aging testing on push-out bond strength between glass fiber posts and root dentin

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the frequency of mechanical pulses during mechanical fatigue aging on bond strength between glass fiber posts and root dentin. Fiber posts were adhesively cemented in 30 bovine roots and the core was built up with composite. All specimens were subjected to mechanical cycling (45° angle; 37 °C; 50 N; 2×10⁶ pulses) at different frequencies: 2, 4, and 8 Hz. After the fatigue, each specimen was submitted to push out test. The bond strength was calculated for data analysis (one-way ANOVA, p = 0.05). The frequency did not affect the push-out (p = 0.7). The main failure mode was between dentin and cement in all groups. The mechanical pulses were not influenced by the bond strength between root dentin and fiber posts. Thus, it is possible to decrease the time-consuming in vitro tests involving posts without damaging the reliability of the test.     

空间级加成型硅橡胶的拉伸性能

对空间级加成型硅橡胶（KH－S－A）进行了真空热循环试验（123－403K，10^-5Pa）。结果表明，试样质量损失率随热循环次数增加而提高，随后趋与平缓；在室温及高温条件下，试样拉伸强度随循环次数的增加开始增强而后下降；热循环过程中发生应变滞后现象，第1次循环后产生附加残余应变，260次循环后残余应变消失，400次循环后重新产生残余应变同时伸强度下降。     

Nitrogen budgets and environmental capacity in farm systems in a large-scale karst region, southern China

Field surplus nitrogen (N) and farm disposal N are major sources of water pollution in farming systems. These sources are estimated from N budgets in field and whole farms, which are associated with the production and consumption of food. This study was conducted to evaluate these two pollution sources in the steep mountainous karst region of Quibainong, Guangxi Province, southern China. The region is, characterized as an area of upland farms, due to the shallow soils and rapid water drainage through cracks in the limestone. Although field surplus N in 1960 was only 4.1 kg N ha^–1, current field surplus N ranged from 10.1 to 463 kg N ha^–1, with values above 50 kg N ha^–1 in farms along roads and less than 40 kg N ha^–1 in the farms away from roads. The results obtained in near-road farms were similar to those in a previous study of N budgets in China. There was a significant positive correlation between the field surplus N and N application rate, including when the previous data were incorporated. The proportion of manure to total N application decreased with increase of N application. Chemical fertilizer was applied in greater quantity in economically rich farms. Therefore, the increase of field surplus N in Quibainong may be caused by economic improvement. Although livestock and human excreta were stocked in manure barns, unused excreta N increased with the increase of N excreted. The unused excreta N also increased with the decrease of feed self-sufficiency, but was not related to N application rate. These facts indicate that livestock husbandry in Quibainong is related to economic status of farms, but independently of crop production.The N application rate of more than 160 kg N ha^–1 increased field surplus N to an extent greater than crop uptake N, and a N application rate of more than 185 kg N ha^–1 increased the potential nitrate-N concentration to more than 10 mg L^–1. Therefore, 160–185 kg N ha^–1 is suggested to be the environmental capacity to sustain optimal N cycling in Quibainong. The average value of excreta N produced on near-road farms in Quibainong was 171 kg N ha^–1. If excreta N was used evenly for crop cultivation without chemical fertilizer in whole fields, the optimal N cycling would be maintained.The survey conducted here using a questionnaire was effective in evaluating all kind of N flows in the farming systems.     

质子辐照与热循环联合作用对空间级硅橡胶损伤效应的研究

研究了 2 0 0keV能量的质子辐照及质子辐照与热循环顺序作用对空间级硅橡胶KH -S -A的损伤效应。结果表明 :辐照后材料表面产生龟裂 ,质损率随辐照剂量的增大而增加 ,拉伸强度随辐照剂量的增大而下降。经质子辐照与热循环联合作用后 ,材料损伤效应更为明显。红外光谱ATR及质谱MS分析表明 ,质子辐照使硅橡胶发生降解反应。文中提出了在质子辐照作用下 ,硅橡胶可能发生的反应机理     

Interconnect resistance characteristics of several flip-chip bumping and assembly techniques

Several flip-chip interconnection methods were compared by measuring interconnect resistance before and after exposure to environments including pre-conditioning, 85°C/85% RH exposure, 150°C storage, and 0–100°C temperature cycling. The goal was to determine an acceptable low-cost, reliable method for bumping and assembling chips to flexible or rigid substrates using flip-chip assembly techniques. Alternative flip-chip bumping methods are compared to a traditional wafer solder bumping method. Flip-chip interconnection methods evaluated included high lead content solder, silver filled conductive adhesive, and gold stud bumps. Under bump metallurgies evaluated included bare aluminum, evaporated Cr/Cr–Cu/Cu, and electroless nickel plating.     

Effect of annealing treatment on electrochemical properties of Mm-based hydrogen storage alloys for Ni/MH batteries

Several multi-component Mm-based hydrogen storage alloys with cobalt content from 0.8–1.0 have been prepared. The hydrogen absorption–desorption characteristics in gas–solid reactions and the electrochemical properties as MH electrodes have been investigated. The addition of small amounts of Al effectively lowers the hydrogen equilibrium pressure and improves the cycling stability of the alloys. Electrochemical measurements show that the MmNi_3.4Co_1.0Mn_0.5Al_0.1 alloy exhibits a maximum electrochemical capacity of 322 mA h g⁻¹ with a capacity decay of about 19.5% after 100 cycles. Annealing treatments flatten the plateau region and lower the hydrogen equilibrium pressure, which results in an increase of hydrogen uptake below 1 atm. The increasing trend of hydrogen storage capacity from the as-cast sample to the annealed sample in the gas–solid reactions is in good agreement with the electrochemical results. The electrochemical discharge capacity of the MmNi_3.4Co_1.0Mn_0.5Al_0.1 alloy increases to 334 mA h g⁻¹ and 340 mA h g⁻¹ after annealing for 3 h and 28 h, respectively, from 322 mA h g⁻¹ in the as-cast condition. The electrochemical cycling stability of the annealed samples was also greatly improved. The capacity decay for both annealed samples is about 8.3% and 6.8%, respectively, after 100 charge–discharge cycles. It was suggested that annealing treatments enhance the compositional homogeneity and cause the secondary phase (separated phase) to dissolve in main phase, which result in the improvement of electrochemical cycling stability of the alloy electrodes.