南水北调西线一期工程调水对下游水文情势影响

南水北调西线一期工程从雅砻江、大渡河上游7条河流调水80亿m3,调水河流下游的水文情势将发生变化。根据雅砻江、大渡河现有水文站网收集的水文资料,主要从径流、水位两方面研究西线一期工程调水后对下游河流的影响。参照国际惯例和现行规范标准,将调水对水文情势的影响分为3类研究区。西线一期工程调水对径流影响较大的时段主要为连续枯水年和每年的丰水期,调水使得一类研究区水文过程均一化,小流量常态化。调水对水位的影响主要集中在一类水文情势研究分区的近坝河段。     

小型水坝的地震安全(英文)

大多数用于灌溉和供水的坝为高度小于 15 m 的土坝,并称之为乡村坝。国际大坝委员会所辖大坝的坝高都在15 m 以上,这些小型水坝并不在委员会管辖范围之内。通常,乡村坝由地方社区或水坝工程建设经验不足的组织资助修建起来的,印度尤其如此。例如 1 月 26 日发生在印度古茶拉底省的 Bhuj 地震,波及到 240 座水坝。显然这些坝的质量远比不上水电站大坝的质量,然而小型水坝的事故将会影响到整个大坝行业的前景,所以这些乡村水坝也应该满足基本的设计与安全准则,以免对整个大坝行业造成负面影响。     

Sr transfer factors between different levels in the trophic chain in two dams of Douro river (Portugal)

The study of Sr transfer in the trophic chain, was undertaken in the dams of Miranda do Douro and Régua belonging respectively to the upper and middle streams of Douro river.

This study was carried out during 17 months, between January 1985 and May 1986, and Sr was measured in water, phytoplankton (seston) zooplankton, specimens belonging to two benthic families (Chironomidae and Tubificidae) and in representatives of four species of fish of Cyprinidae family: Chondrostoma polylepis—boce; Cyprinus carpio—carp; Carassius auratus—goldfish; Barbus bocagei—barbel.

The results obtained showed the existence of strong seasonal variation in the levels of Sr in water and in the different levels of the food chain.

The minimum values in water correspond to the rainy seasons, when the flow is higher, identifying a clear dilution effect. In fish, where these variation are slighter, the amount of Sr is proportional to the size of the body (constant concentration), possibly because the greatest part of this element is found on skeleton pieces (bones and scales).

All the studied organisms present high Sr concentration factors from the water. However, taking into account annual averages, a great accumulation of Sr in the food chain, from the plankton to the fish itself, is not found, meaning that no important phenomena of biomagnification to Sr concentrations between prey and predator exist. The higher transfer factors (TFs) from benthic animals to fish are only due to the absence of skeleton in those animals. An estimation of TFs from benthic animals to the soft edible parts of fish show that no biomagnification exists.

The determination of TFs between food-chain levels during the different seasons, together with other physico-chemical, biological and hydrological data presented, is essential to the development of protective measures against radioactive threats.     

基于LQI的病险水库除险加固效应评价方法

对于病险水库除险加固成本的确定多依据标准和规范，定性确定，缺乏定量的论证。生命质量指数（Life quality index, LQI）是一个复合的社会指数，能较好地结合工程当地的经济发展水平，从社会效应的角度来优化风险和除险加固投入。将风险分析和LQI引入到病险水库除险加固决策优化过程中，结合已有溃坝资料，提出了溃坝生命损失的快速估算公式，在当前规范的基础上，建立了病险水库除险加固效应的定量评价模型。以华东某均质病险土坝为例，分析了除险加固前后该坝的渗透失稳风险，估算了溃坝生命损失；根据工程当地的社会、经济发展水平、生命质量指标参数，计算出了该坝除险加固的以LQI衡量的费用效益比和最大社会愿意支付费用，验证了文中方法的有效性。     

金沙江虎跳峡河段上江坝址若干关键工程地质问题研究

上江坝址是虎跳峡高坝替代方案的比选坝址，是虎跳峡河段重点研究的开发方案之一，该坝址区域构造背景复杂、河床覆盖层深厚、两岸坝肩发育特大型滑坡等，工程地质问题突出。基于野外大量的工程地质勘察工作，表明：工程区域断裂构造发育，地震活动较频繁，但坝址避开了区域主干断裂和活动断层，位于地质构造相对稳定的地块，适宜建坝；在深厚的河床覆盖层上建高土石坝存在的关键技术问题为沉降变形和防渗处理问题，筑坝技术达到世界先进水平；左右坝肩分布的滑坡整体稳定性较好，对大坝存在的影响主要为沉降变形、渗漏、高边坡稳定性等，筑坝技术难度较大。结果为上江坝址筑坝技术研究和本河段水电开发方案坝址选择提供依据，对类似水电工程地质研究具有较好的参考意义。     

土石坝坝坡模型振动台破坏试验的数值验证

 在土石坝坝坡模型振动台破坏试验基础上,采用数值分析方法,对坝坡的动力特性、稳定性以及加筋抗震措施的性能进行研究。采用动力弹塑性分析方法,对坝坡模型振动台试验进行数值仿真,通过类比计算工况,比较、分析坝坡的破坏过程及其破坏性态以及永久位移的变化规律;同时,采用拟静力方法对坝坡的稳定性进行分析,通过设定滑裂面参数,比较滑裂面的深浅,分析加筋对坝坡稳定性的影响,并与试验结果进行对比验证。结果表明：对模型进行的数值模拟和模型试验所得到的结果较为一致,表明坝顶是薄弱部分,破坏首先从坝顶附近开始,减缓坝坡或坝坡加筋均可减小坝坡的永久位移,但加筋能提高坝坡的整体稳定性,能有效控制坝坡的浅层滑动,且不增加大坝填筑量,与缓坡比较有较强的优势。该研究结果可为大坝的加筋抗震措施设计提供依据。     

Determination of Turbidity in Kourris Dam in Cyprus Utilizing Landsat TM Remotely Sensed Data

Determination of turbidity is a common component of water-quality assessments. In regions where there are a lot of inland waters such as dams, sampling even a small proportion of those dams for monitoring and assessing water quality is cost prohibitive. Satellite remote sensing has the potential to be a powerful tool for assessing water quality over large spatial scales. The overall objective of this study was to examine whether Landsat-5 TM (Thematic Mapper) and Landsat-7 ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper) could be used to measure turbidity across theKourris Dam, which is the biggest dam in Cyprus. This paper presents the results obtained by applying the linear regression analysis in order to examine the relationship between the turbidity measurements measured in-situ during the satellite overpass against at-satellite atmospheric corrected reflectance values. It has been found that the reflectance, after atmospheric correction, at LandsatTMBands 1 and 3 is strongly related with turbidity levels after linear regression analysis. The most significant correlation was occurred when reflectance in TM band 3 and logarithmic reflectance in TM band 3 were correlated with turbidity measurements. Indeed, the correlation coefficient (R) when atmospheric corrected reflectance (ρ) in the LandsatTMband 3 were correlated against turbidity, before atmospheric correction was R = 0.38 and after atmospheric correction was R = 1; and when atmospheric corrected logarithmic reflectance (Log ρ) in the Landsat TM band 3 were correlated against turbidity, before atmospheric correction was R = 0.46 and after atmospheric correction was R = 1.     

风化料在坝体防渗中的应用

风化料做坝体防渗的防渗性能、预防拱效应作用,以及其用作防渗体的良好力学性质,阐述了风化料的应用前景。     

高拱坝表孔宽尾墩跌流水舌运动特性研究

为了探索高拱坝坝身表孔溢流采用宽尾墩堰顶收缩射流技术的可能性，在对水舌分散机理进行理论分析的基础上，对300m量级高拱坝条件下不同出流角度和不同泄流量下的宽尾墩射流水舌形态进行了实验观测．结果表明，采用跌流出口时，当跌流水舌在出口断面处于急流流态时，受断面收缩形成的冲击波的影响，跌流在出口断面沿垂向不同深度的水质点出射方向发生明显的改变，水舌在纵向明显拉开，具有良好的分散特性；当跌流的出口为缓流时，跌流水舌形成类似舌形坎的水舌流态，入塘水舌成月牙形，无论在纵向还是横向均充分拉开，使入塘水舌的分散度大大增加．     

An oxytocin antagonist infused into the central nucleus of the amygdala increases maternal aggressive behavior.

Decreased oxytocin levels in the amygdalas of rat dams following chronic gestational cocaine exposure have been correlated with heightened maternal aggressive behavior. In this experiment, drug-naive dams were implanted with bilateral cannulas into the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) or control area and infused with 1,000 or 500 ng of an oxytocin antagonist (OTA) or buffer, 4 hr before testing. Behavior was compared among dams infused with OTA into target areas just outside the CNA and cocaine-treated dams (infused with buffer). Dams infused with 1,000 ng OTA attacked intruders significantly more often than buffer-infused dams. OTA did not affect other behaviors, suggesting that disruption of oxytocin activity in the CNA may be sufficient to selectively alter maternal aggressive behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)