Seismic rehabilitation of damaged reinforced concrete frames using combined metallic yielding passive devices

This study is focused on the effectiveness of a strengthening technique using the combined metallic yielding devices (CMDs) as passive energy dissipation systems to enhance the lateral load resistance and the deformation capacity of the damaged reinforced concrete (RC) frames. An experimental investigation has been conducted on two geometrically-identical damaged RC frames under the lateral cyclic loading condition. In addition to the CMDs, the beam and columns of the damaged frame have been fully/partially strengthened using the additional steel elements. This study highlights the importance of the positioning of CMDs, the selection of local strengthening strategy, and the proper installation of CMDs on the lateral load resistance and energy dissipation potential of the damaged RC frames. The strengthened frames exhibited the enhanced lateral strength, lateral stiffness, lateral deformation capacity, energy dissipation and damping potential up to a storey drift of 6%. Test results are further used to validate a design methodology proposed for the proportioning of CMDs required to achieve the desired lateral resistance of the damaged RC frames.     

川西藏羌石砌碉房民居抗震构造更新设计研究

川西藏羌石砌碉房民居,历经多次地震考验并沿用至今,其营造中必定蕴含科学合理的抗震设计技术。论文通过调研民居营建中的构造设计做法,揭示了石砌碉房民居多种地域抗震构造设计技术;同时为了解决现代建筑与石砌建筑之间风貌延续的矛盾,结合现代混凝土砌体抗震方法,通过创新的抗震构造设计,成功解决风貌保护与抗震设防的矛盾,从而为民居更新和民居修复提供技术支持。     

跨度800m凯威特型巨型网格结构在8度多遇地震作用下受力性能分析

以跨度800m凯威特型巨型网格结构为研究对象,对其在多遇地震作用下的受力性能进行研究。基于位移权重系数和内力权重系数,对瑞利阻尼系数计算方法进行了修正。采用时程分析法对跨度800m的凯威特型巨型网格结构进行了8度多遇地震作用下结构反应的计算,对其位移和内力反应进行了分析。结果表明：结构最大位移和最大内力的放大系数在1.1~1.2之间;通过对比振型截断法和振型过滤法,发现由振型过滤法确定的组合振型,可使多维反应谱法的计算结果精度更高且计算速度更快,应用多维反应谱法对结构进行计算,并与时程法的结果进行对比,由两种方法计算得到的内力及位移反应平均误差在10%左右,且反应包络线趋势一致。     

地震荷载下三维边坡动力稳定性分析

 边坡的动力稳定性分析一直是岩土工程领域的难点。为研究矢量和法在三维边坡动力稳定性分析中的应用,从三维均质边坡出发,给出了一种将矢量和法与动力有限元法相结合的三维边坡动力稳定性分析方法,并给出其具体计算过程。最后,将该方法运用到大型堆积体边坡的动力稳定性分析中。该边坡的动力分析表明,三维边坡动力响应规律受地形的影响很大,堆积体对地震波具有较好的吸收效果;在6.5级地震(峰值加速度0.2 g)作用下,稳定性计算表明,堆积体Q1与Q2的平均安全系数分别为1.47,1.23,最小安全系数分别为1.33,1.18,可认为边坡在该地震荷载下能够保持稳定。     

隔震支座在连体高层结构上的减振应用研究

连体高层结构的地震响应复杂并难以预测。为了提高这类结构的抗震安全性,以某实际工程为结构原型进行研究,通过控制效果的比较分析隔震技术在连体高层结构上的适用性。首先研究了在ANSYS软件中隔震支座的合理建模,采用若干Combine单元串联来反应隔震支座的动力特性,进而将隔震支座应用于主体结构,在地震激励下对比了结构位移、加速度响应,以及关键部位构件的内力响应。仿真结果验证了隔震支座在连体高层结构上应用的有效减振效果,同时计算也发现过大或过小的水平刚度都将影响隔震支座的控制效果。建模方法及计算结果都可为今后隔震技术在该类结构上的应用提供初步的理论依据。     

大型地下洞室地震灾变过程三维动力有限元模拟

 The earthquake impact is a major external factor influencing the long term stability of underground caverns. Time-history analysis method is able to simulate the earthquake response of surrounding rock in underground caverns during earthquake disaster process. It has been proved to be an effective method to analyze the aseismic issue of underground caverns. The numerical simulation system using three-dimensional dynamic finite element method is developed to study the earthquake disaster in underground caverns. Central difference method is employed in this system to solve the problem. To enhance the solving speed,parallel procedures and hybrid Gauss point integration method are proposed in programming. Strengthening features of materials under high strain rate and damage features of surrounding rock under cyclic loading are considered. The dynamic constitutive model for rock masses is presented. It is suitable for the aseismic analysis of underground caverns. Visco-elastic boundary is adopted in artificial boundary. The spatial oblique incident method which is suitable for the aseismic analysis of underground caverns is proposed. It is able to reflect the specific incident direction,the multi-incident surfaces and the inconsistency of seismic wave. An example is given to verify the correctness of the developed system by comparing its calculation results with common software?s calculation results. A case study is then conducted to simulate the earthquake disaster process of the cave-typed underground caverns at Lujichang hydropower plant. The results derived from time-history analysis indicate the reliability and practicability of the developed system.     

山岭隧道受震损害类型与原因之案例研究

 以1999年台湾集集地震造成完工通车仅1 a的三义壹号铁路隧道损害为例,应用隧道受震数值分析成果及相关研究,探讨隧道受震损害的原因。研究成果显示,受震损害区段皆落于埋深接近0.25倍岩体波长的范围内,即隧道埋深与岩体特性的组合强化震波受地表自由面反射与隧道散射的效应,导致衬砌受震引起应力大幅增加而造成破坏。而衬砌损害可归纳为4种类型：纵向裂缝、环向裂缝或环向施工缝错动、环状剥落以及斜向裂缝与剥落。分析隧道施工地质记录及震后检测结果显示,衬砌纵向裂缝主要受地盘深处上传的S波垂直方向或45?入射导致衬砌轴力与弯矩受震增加而影响。环向裂缝或环向施工缝错动则受到水平方向P波造成的张力破坏以及乐夫波造成衬砌应力增加的影响。环状剥落系隧道承受较显著的水平方向应力下,S波45?入射导致衬砌应力增量以及避车洞开口结构配置的影响。而斜向裂缝则受S波通过软硬地盘互层的应变差异以及隧道衬砌结构刚度特性所致。研究成果表明隧道受震损害原因与影响因素,可为山岭隧道耐震分析与设计提供参考。     

地震作用下挡土墙位移模式的振动台试验研究

 设计并完成2个比尺1∶8的边坡大型振动台模型试验,通过水平向(X向)、竖直向(Z向)和水平竖直双向(XZ双向)3种激振方式,研究汶川波地震作用下重力式挡墙、桩板式挡墙、锚杆格构式框架和预应力锚索格构式框架护坡位移模式及变化特性,并且分析各支挡结构的抗震性能。研究表明：(1) X向或XZ双向激振下,重力式挡墙和桩板式挡墙在激振加速度峰值AXmax≤0.4 g时的永久位移,以及Z向激振下桩板式挡墙和预应力锚索框架护坡的永久位移可忽略不计;(2) X向激振下,当激振加速度峰值AXmax＞0.4 g时,重力式挡墙位移模式为向土体方向滑动和绕墙踵向土体方向转动的耦合,且以滑动为主,而桩板式挡墙位移模式为向土体方向滑动。Z向激振下,当激振加速度峰值AZmax＞0.267 g时,重力式挡墙位移模式为向土体方向滑动和绕墙踵向土体方向转动的耦合。XZ双向激振下,AXmax＞0.4 g和AZmax＞0.267 g时,重力式挡墙位移模式为向土体方向滑动与绕墙趾向土体外侧转动的耦合,且以转动为主,而桩板式挡墙位移模式则为离开土体向外侧滑动与绕基础向土体外侧转动的耦合,且以滑动为主;(3) X向和XZ双向激振下,预应力锚索框架和锚杆框架的位移模式相同,都是沿坡体向土体外侧及边坡下端移动。Z向激振下,当激振加速度峰值AZmax＞0.267 g时,锚杆格构式框架护坡位移模式为向土体外侧和边坡上端移动逐渐转变为向土体方向和边坡上端移动;(4) X向或Z向激振下,桩板式挡墙抗震性能优于重力式挡墙,而XZ双向激振下,重力式挡墙抗震性能优于桩板式挡墙。无论哪种激振方式,预应力锚索格构式框架护坡抗震性能优于锚杆格构式框架护坡。     

Coal liquefaction policy in China: Explaining the policy reversal since 2006

China has emerged as a leader in coal liquefaction. While the country's abundant coal resources and acute concerns about oil security help explain China's interest in liquefaction, the driving forces for this industry are complicated and policy has been inconsistent. Since 2006 Beijing has tried to slow down the development of liquefaction; even as China has become more dependent on imported oil, the central government has been wary about the large impact of liquefaction technologies on scarce resources such as water. However, local government officials in coal rich areas have strong incentives to pour investment into the technology, which helps explain the uneven development and policy. The future of coal liquefaction will depend on how these forces unfold along with major Beijing-led reforms in the Chinese coal industry, which is closing smaller mines and favoring the emergence of larger coal producing firms. Those reforms will have mixed effects on liquefaction. They temporarily contribute to higher prices for coal while over the longer term creating coal companies that have much greater financial and technical skills needed to deploy technologies such as coal liquefaction at a scale needed if this energy pathway is to be competitive with conventional sources of liquid fuel.     

微藻水热液化生物油物理性质与测量方法综述

微藻水热液化生物油由于性质较差,不能直接作为车载燃料使用,而作为原料油与现代石油炼制工艺相结合是一种新的应用途径。本文综述了微藻水热液化生物油的物理性质,包括密度、黏度、酸性、热值与元素组成、沸程、平均分子量等信息,介绍了常用的测量方法与手段。简要回顾了微藻水热液化生物油的精制研究,分析比较了不同精制方法及其效果。重点指出微藻水热液化生物油与重质原油和常减压渣油等劣质原料油相比,具有密度和黏度相近、酸值较高、氮氧元素含量较高、热值较低、重质组分和大分子含量较高等特点,加氢精制能够有效提升微藻水热液化生物油性质,但受反应器结焦、催化剂成本和氢气消耗等因素制约,至今未有突破性成果。