洞庭湖区三口水系生态基流研究

近年来大型水利工程的建设与运行、洞庭湖区三口水系分流量的持续减少和三口水系地区水资源的不合理利用,导致三口水系的生态流量严重不足。基于洞庭湖区三口水系的主要水文站2003—2018年逐日平均流量和1973—2002年逐月平均流量数据,提出一种综合考虑不同水文学法的生态基流确定方法,得出逐月和全年的生态基流推荐值,并分析其保证率和影响因素。结果表明:新江口站、沙道观站、弥陀寺站、康家岗站和管家铺站的全年生态基流分别为208.18、49.44、75.39、2.52、93.94 m³/s,全年生态基流保证率分别为84.83%、37.52%、51.88%、21.84%、42.60%;各水文站汛期的生态基流最高值均出现在7月份,8月份、9月份和6月份依次递减,汛期的生态基流及其保证率明显高于非汛期。研究提出的方法和计算结果可为洞庭湖区三口水系的水生态修复提供参考。     

掏挖与岩石锚杆复合型基础上拔承载机理和影响因素研究

针对掏挖与岩石锚杆复合型基础上拔承载机理不明确的问题,基于现场试验工况,利用Plaxis3D有限元软件建立复合型基础抗拔承载模型,研究其上拔承载机理。在此基础上,研究了土体弹性模量、岩体弹性模量、土体黏聚力对复合型基础各部分的承载影响,分析了掏挖基础和岩石群锚基础的承载力发挥情况、上拔变形、塑性区开展,并给出了复合型基础的改进方案。结果表明:上拔变形刚度较大的岩锚基础对复合型基础的承载极限状态起控制作用;掏挖基础和岩石锚杆基础的上拔变形协调性是影响复合型基础承载力发挥的关键;适当增加掏挖基础嵌入岩石的深度可有效提高复合型基础的抗拔承载力。     

变化环境下韩江生态流量演变特征分析

选取位于粤东、闽西南地区的韩江流域为研究对象,基于CA-Markov模型对2050年流域土地利用空间格局进行预测,构建SWAT分布式水文模型,以未来土地利用情景和气候变化情景为变量进行水文模拟,分析不同情景下韩江生态流量的时空演变特征。结果表明,未来城镇化扩张将使梅江支流中上游成为韩江流域内生态流量对土地利用变化最为敏感的区域;土地利用和气候变化将导致韩江流域枯水期流量整体减小,枯水期流量对环境变化更加敏感;韩江流域生态流量变化特征将呈现从西南到东北由升到降的趋势,梅江支流中上游地区的生态流量将得到改善;梅江和汀江两大支流上游区域生态流量对气候变化更为敏感;韩江流域径流总量下降,但丰枯流量分化加剧,长期来看枯季生态流量保障风险可能进一步增大。     

阎王鼻子水库生态调度方案分析研究

本文在分析阎王鼻子水库建设前后下游水文情势变化的基础上,根据河道内生态不同需求和不同计算方法,确定水库下游河道基本生态流量和目标生态流量两种需求方案。在充分考虑大凌河流域河道外需水的前提下,研究分析了阎王鼻子水库最大程度满足河道内不同生态需水要求时的调度方案,对改善水库下游河道环境具有一定的指导意义。     

基于东汶河城区段生态修复工程的湿地设计探讨

本文以东汶河城区段生态修复工程为例,结合城市河道治理对该地区的湿地水生态修复工程进行了设计,采用雨污分流、河底清淤,软质河底、地形泡、滚水堰以及河心岛的构建方法,达到了控制水位、控制流速、促进微生物和植物生长的目的,改善了湿地水质较差的问题,完善了湿地生物系统,丰富了食物链层级,解决了湿地生态系统的良性循环问题。可为类似生态修复工程提供参考。     

Comparison of soil moisture at different depths for drought monitoring based on improved soil moisture anomaly percentage index

To better understand the characteristics and mechanisms of droughts at different drought stages, this study selected the Xiangjiang River Basin in China as the study area, and evaluated soil moisture (SM) at different depths for drought monitoring, through SM data simulated with the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model. To solve the problem of unreasonable drought/wetness classifications based on the soil moisture anomaly percentage index (SMAPI), an improved soil moisture anomaly percentage index (ISMAPI) was developed by introducing the Box–Cox transformation. The drought/wetness frequency generated by ISMAPI demonstrated preferable spatial comparability in comparison with those from SMAPI. The lag time of ISMAPI relative to the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index was closely related to soil depth, and was characterized by a fast response in shallow soil layers and a relatively slow response in deep soil layers. SM in shallow soil layers provided a measure for monitoring short-term droughts, whereas SM in deep soil layers provided a better measure for long-term persistent drought events. Furthermore, the occurrence and mitigation time of drought events identified by SM in deep soil layers usually lagged behind that identified by SM in shallow soil layers. Compared with deep SM, SM in shallow soil layers responded faster to meteorological anomalies, thereby resulting in shorter periods of SM persistence in shallow soil layers than in deep soil layers. This can explain the differences of SM at different depths in drought monitoring.     

华北中部平原地表水入渗试验 ——以南宫溹泸河为例

华北平原中部地区含水砂层颗粒细且薄,对地下水储蓄和地表水入渗不利。选择河道带进行地表水入渗试验,以获取最大地下储蓄空间,为该区水资源合理利用提供良策。试验区选在南宫溹泸河,人工引水1.5个月,获取大量监测数据,据此对地下水位和水量的变化特征、入渗量和地下水库调蓄能力进行研究,结果表明：干涸河道引水入渗,入渗比例可达80.54%;溹泸河上下游2个断面Ⅰ-Ⅰ′和Ⅱ-Ⅱ′河道垂向渗透速度为10.81 m/d和10.72 m/d;水平扩散速度为1.69 m/h和2.38 m/h。由于Ⅰ-Ⅰ′断面垂向渗透速度大于Ⅱ-Ⅱ′断面,而水平扩散速度小于Ⅱ-Ⅱ′断面,所以Ⅰ-Ⅰ′断面形成的水丘相比Ⅱ-Ⅱ′断面较为明显,且不易消散。计算结果显示,试验区调蓄库容为1.87亿m3。     

Language learners' digital literacies: Focus on students' information literacy and reading practices online

The widespread use of technology and the Internet have changed many of language learners' everyday practices, including literacies. While there have been many studies with the focus on language learners' digital literacies, few, however, have explored language learners' digital information literacy and online reading practices with the use of social bookmarking tools, especially in a community college setting. We address this gap by investigating community-college language learners' digital literacies when social bookmarking with the focus on digital information and online reading practices from an ecological perspective. In this qualitative multiple-case study, the focal participants were five English learners, students in an English as a Second Language writing course in a community college in the northeastern United States. Data collection included interviews, observations, and researchers' e-journals. Thorough within- and cross-case analysis of data shows that language learners searched for digital texts and evaluated them based on relevance, reliability, interest, language, and importance for them and their learning community in the social bookmarking tool. The participants struggled with the number of results in search engines, keywords, and evaluation of digital texts for relevance and reliability. We show the need for more instruction, support, and guidance of language learners' digital information literacy practices as well as the benefits of providing students with opportunities to read digital texts. Our suggestions for future research include investigating the role of multimodality and other factors that influence language learners' evaluation practices when they look for and read information online.     

Third-generation CALPHAD description of pure GeO2 at 1 atm

The thermodynamic properties of crystalline and liquid/amorphous phases of germanium dioxide have been evaluated using DFT calculations and third-generation CALPHAD models. The values for the standard entropies of crystalline and amorphous phases were reassessed through use of the Planck-Einstein approach. This allowed a more physically-based representation of the set of thermodynamic properties of germanium dioxide to be obtained.     

Portability of three consumer products

Three consumer products (a television set, a personal computer and a typewriter), all considered portable by their respective manufacturers, were evaluated experimentally for portability. Products were not considered portable if the physical and subjective workloads resulting from carrying them over specified distances were excessive. Twenty-two males and six females participated in the experimental investigation and carried the three products for distances of 45·72, 91·44. 137·16 and 182·88 m. Their pulse and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of the arms and whole body were recorded and used as measures of physical and perceived workloads. Both physiological and subjective responses to carrying products were significantly influenced by the type of product and carrying distance, regardless of the gender of the person performing the carrying. The results of this study and the design guidelines provided in the literature for one-handed and two-handed carrying tasks led to the conclusion that, of the three products, only the television set could be considered portable.