乡村振兴战略指导下的生态灌区建设与管理

针对生态灌区建设与管理存在的产业与资源低效、灌溉水质恶化、生态多样性降低等问题,以乡村振兴战略为理论指导,从乡村振兴战略20字总要求出发,探讨乡村振兴战略思想下的生态灌区建设与管理,提出了农业质量产量底线、生态与环境底线和资源开发利用上限的生态灌区建设与管理三条红线,指出生态灌区应向粮食增产提质和其他产品有效供给、生态环境优美宜居、资源保护与高效利用方向发展,为实现生态灌区可持续型绿色发展提供科学参考。     

Restoring Murray River floodplain wetlands: Does the sediment record inform on watering regime?

The floodplain wetlands of the southern Murray Darling Basin (MDB) have been subject to the impacts of catchment and water resource development for more than a century. Their current degraded state is attributed to the regulation of the rivers and abstraction of water volume for irrigation. The MDB Plan is to return at least 2,750 Gl of mean annual flow to the system to restore the condition of waterways. Considerable recent investment in infrastructure enables water to be released into the basin's floodplain wetlands. The proposed watering regime is underpinned by modelling that suggests that, before regulation, overbank flows would have occurred regularly as discharge peaked in winter and spring. Sediment cores have been extracted from over 50 floodplain wetlands of the southern Murray Basin. Those from several, large meander wavelength billabongs extend for 1,000–5,000 years suggesting that these sites were permanently inundated over that time. Others extend to ~200 years and are presumed not to have accumulated sediment until more recently. The records of most wetlands, however, only extend to the onset of river regulation in the 1920s, suggesting that before then they were not inundated for sufficient duration for net accumulation to occur. Preserved diatoms suggest that the shallow, plant‐dominated wetlands of the past have transitioned to deep, turbid water systems today. As rivers are identified as a source of sediment to wetlands, less regular inundation, rather than more, is a viable option in restoring the ecological function of these floodplain wetlands and in slowing sediment infill.     

格宾网箱覆绿功能反滤层优化设计研究

格宾网箱应用于边坡工程时具备护坡、覆绿及材料就地利用等多种特点。为了保证格宾网箱中的植被能够稳定存活,并且防止强降雨条件下植被土颗粒的流失,需对格宾网箱填充物进行反滤层的优化设计,从而实现绿色生态护坡的目的。依托北京冬奥会张家口赛区正在实施的“科技冬奥”项目,在模拟当地最大降雨强度条件下,采用自行设计的试验装置开展了反滤层的防冲刷试验,探究反滤层层数、厚度和反滤料粒径对反滤层防冲刷效果的影响,最终确定了格宾网箱覆绿功能反滤层的优化设计。试验结果表明：反滤层层数设置为两层,上下层厚度均为100 mm且上层碎石粒径小于20 mm、下层碎石粒径为20~100 mm时,反滤层的防冲刷效果最佳。     

宁夏固原市主要农作物生产水足迹分析

水足迹理论为解决水资源短缺问题提供了新的研究方向。基于水足迹理论,借助CROPWAT8. 0软件,利用《宁夏统计年鉴》和《宁夏水资源公报》等资料,计算分析了宁夏固原市2009-2017年主要作物的蓝水、绿水和灰水足迹。结果表明:蓝水足迹占比最高,绿水足迹次之,灰水足迹最少。表明固原市农作物生产用水以蓝水为主,绿水为辅,灰水足迹虽然占比较少但逐年递增。建议当地根据水资源具体情况,调整作物种植模式,提高绿水利用率,减少氮肥使用率,使有限的水资源获得更大的效益,从而满足粮食安全和水生态安全的需求。     

基于1960-2018年实测径流与水文学方法的开都河生态流量分析

为科学地确定河流生态流量,保障流域水安全与生态环境健康,基于开都河大山口水文站1960-2018年的实测径流数据,采用Tennant法、典型水文频率年法、最枯月平均流量法和Q_p法等4种水文学方法计算了河流的生态流量,通过对比分析确定基于Tennant法的计算结果最为适宜。计算结果表明：开都河大山口水文站10-翌年3月的平均生态流量应不小于15.60 m³/s,对应最小生态环境需水量为 2.47×10⁸ m³;4-9月的平均生态流量应不小于46.15 m³/s,对应最小生态环境需水量为7.30×10⁸ 　m³,全年生态流量平均不小于30.88 m³/s,对应最小生态环境需水量为9.77×10⁸ 　m³。该生态流量目标可满足开都河大山口至博斯腾湖河段的河道径流损失,保证河流基本生态功能与水生态安全。计算分析结果可为开都河河流生态流量管理提供支撑。     

大宁调蓄水库蓄水后生态环境效益分析

南水北调工程的建成通水,改变了北京城市供水格局,给北京带来了巨大的效益,生态环境效益就是其中重要一环。分析北京市南水北调配套工程生态环境效益的组成,科学地计算和评估生态效益,对于未来北京市南水北调配套工程效益的发挥、工程的运行管理、首都水务事业的发展有着重要意义,大宁调蓄水库是北京市南水北调配套工程之一,经计算,大宁调蓄水库蓄水后生态环境总效益为34176.29万元。计算方法也可为类似工程生态环境效益的估算提供参考。     

丹江生态流量计算研究

丹江是汉江的重要支流,水力资源较为丰富,在河南省境内丹江干流上建有两座小型水电站,水力发电效益较好,但对下游河道生态造成了不利影响。本文根据实测流量资料,采用水文学方法进行河道生态流量计算,提出丹江干流水电站下泄生态流量要求及保障措施,为丹江河南段的水生态保护提供借鉴和参考。     

Analysis of the impact of coal mining on the ecological environment of the nature reserve

With the gradual attention of the state to the protection of natural ecological environment, the planning and layout of the nature reserve will overlap with some coal mine areas. In order to strengthen the construction of ecological civilization, it is necessary to study the impact of mining on the ecological environment of the nature reserve. Through the methods of GIS and RS, and evaluation o f ecological protection index system, the differences and impacts of ecological environment changes before and after the planning of the nature reserve are analyzed. The results show that since 2002, the effect of water collection and artificial soil and water conservation measures on improving the ecological environment of vegetation are obvious, the dominant species of vegetation type in the overlapping area of coal mine and nature reserve have changed from grass vegetation to shrub vegetation, inwhich the area of arbor forest land has increased significantly, the veetationcoverage in the overlapping area has also increased considerably . The intensity of soil erosion has decreased year by year after mining the coal resources. Postharvest hydraulic erosion intensity is mainly below mild, and the area of artificial soil and water conservation has increased significantly. T he negative impact of the ground subsidence caused by coal mining on the ecological environment is less than the positive effect brought by artificial soil and waterconservation measures, and it is generally developing in a more stable direction. The ecological protection status index increased fr om 32. 98 to 45.94, and the change degree of ecological protection status in nature reserves is 12.9 ≥10. T he ecological protection status of the nature reserve improved significantly. On the basis of ecological environment protection and restoration measures in the nature reserve, coal mines need to further study the comprehensive impact of human activitieson the ecological environment of the nature reserve.     

成都市水生态足迹的时间分布特征及其影响因素

为了加强对成都市水资源可持续利用的规划与管理,运用水生态足迹计算模型分析成都市2000-2016年水生态足迹变化,并基于LMDI分解法分析成都市水生态足迹影响因素。结果显示,成都市水资源总量生态足迹逐年增大,2012年以后略有下降;农业用水在整个用水结构中占比最高,生态足迹最高;其次为工业用水、生活用水、生态用水占比。成都市2000-2016年水生态承载力先增大后降低,水生态盈余(赤字)逐年增大,万元GDP水生态足迹逐年下降,水资源负载指数逐年提高。说明成都市水资源利用程度高、利用效率高,但开发潜力小,水资源供给压力依然巨大。从影响因素的结构性分析来看,经济因素发挥主导作用,结构因素的抑制作用还未显现,人口因素的促进作用不够显著,技术因素的抑制作用显著。     

基于熵权模糊迭代法的生态友好型水库调度控泄方案模糊集对综合评价（研究生论坛）

以天然径流模式为理想状态,构建了用以评估不同水库控泄方案下的调度出流与天然径流过程接近程度的评价指标体系,提出了基于熵权模糊迭代法的模糊集对综合评价模型,并对二滩电站的6种控泄方案进行了实例分析。结果表明,相比复合模糊物元法,新方法不仅可以直接确定所有评价方案公平竞争下的指标权重,而且还能同时从外部整体与内部关系结构上分析评价方案与评价等级间的不确定性关系,使得评估结论更加合理可靠,说明该方法切实可行、可操作性强。