Urban ecosystem health assessment: A review

Due to the important role of cities for regional, national, and international economic development and the concurrent degradation of the urban environmental quality under rapid urbanization, a systematic diagnosis of urban ecosystem health for sustainable ecological management is urgently needed. This paper reviews the related research on urban ecosystem health assessment, beginning from the inception of urban ecosystem health concerns propelled by the development needs of urban ecosystems and the advances in ecosystem health research. Concepts, standards, indicators, models, and case studies are introduced and discussed. Urban ecosystem health considers the integration of ecological, economic, social and human health factors, and as such it is a value-driven concept which is strongly influenced by human perceptions. There is not an absolute urban ecosystem standard because of the uncertainty caused by the changing human needs, targets, and expectation of urban ecosystem over time; thus, suitable approaches are still needed to establish health standards of urban ecosystems. Several conceptual models and suitable indicator frameworks have been proposed to organize the multiple factors to represent comprehensively the health characteristics of an urban ecosystem, while certain mathematical methods have been applied to deal with the indicator information to get a clear assessment of the urban ecosystem health status. Instead of perceiving the urban ecosystem assessment as an instantaneous measurement of the health state, it is suggested to conceptualize the urban ecosystem health as a process, which impels us to focus more studies on the dynamic trends of health status and projecting possible development scenarios.     

北京水生态服务功能与水管理

分析了北京水生态服务功能内涵,评价了北京水生态服务功能及其生态经济价值。结果表明,北京水生态服务功能的生态经济价值总计达2744.57亿元,其中提供产品价值为121.80亿元,调节功能价值688.78亿元,支持功能价值184.19亿元,文化服务功能价值1749.80亿元。笔者进一步探讨了面向水生态服务功能的北京水管理策略。     

天人合一与黄河生态保护——第四届黄河国际论坛大会主旨演讲

天人合一是我国传统哲学中占主导地位的命题。儒家提倡“泛爱万物”和“仁爱自然”,道家提倡“见素抱朴”,“道法自然”,都体现了人与自然和谐的理念。中国古代文明至今延绵五千年,得益于对水土资源的珍惜和对于自然生态系统的保护。黄河是中华民族的摇篮,孕育了辉煌的中华文明。近半个世纪黄河流域经济发展和黄河治理的成绩为世人瞩目。可是。成就中隐藏着挑战,黄河巨变引发了生态危机。河流断流、水质污染、河流高度人工化和生物多样性下降,导致流域生态系统退化。近年来,黄河实施水量统一调度和调水调沙,对于遏制生态系统退化已经初见成效。河流生态修复的本质就是老子的“道法自然”。黄河生态修复任重道远,建议加强黄河生态监测网络建设;水文情势恢复;水污染防控;鱼类及栖息地保护;湿地保护和上游水电梯级开发规划论证等工作。     

衡水湖湿地生态系统恢复原理与方法

由于衡水湖流域上游建设了大量水利工程,使衡水湖入湖水量逐年减少,最终导致干涸。自2000年河北省政府批准建立衡水湖省级自然保护区,由外流域调水与本地水资源联合调度水资源,开始实施对衡水湖湿地的恢复。通过对衡水湖湿地生态系统恢复的原则、原理和方法进行分析,衡水湖湿地生态恢复方法采用外流域调水补充水源、利用水生植物控制湿地营养物质的措施、利用种子库、植物繁殖体等途径恢复植被等措施。确定恢复目标为恢复湿地功能、保护野生动物、恢复传统景观等,并对恢复后的衡水湖生物多样性进行评价,探讨湿地恢复过程中的具体问题,为北方干旱地区湿地生态恢复提供参考依据。     

Addressing the information gaps associated with valuing green infrastructure in west Michigan: INtegrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services Tool (INVEST)

Land use change is profoundly influencing the environmental resources of the Great Lakes region. In West Michigan, population growth and rapid land use change have resulted in urbanization and a loss in the diversity of green infrastructure that provides a variety of benefits–ecosystem services–to regional residents and visitors. To address these changes in land use and cover in ways that are objective, transparent, and defensible, local policy makers need tools to help inform local and regional land use decisions. An interdisciplinary team, engaged by a regional policy organization, developed one such online tool, the INtegrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services Tool (INVEST). INVEST utilizes static GIS maps, graphs, and tables, to help educate local and regional decision-makers about the underlying values of ecosystem services associated with green infrastructure, particularly those services that do not pass through traditional commercial markets. In this article we provide a general overview of the development of INVEST and examine its current application as an educational tool, including the specific challenges associated with addressing the information gaps.     

我国近海水生生态系统的退化与修复

近年来,由于我国海洋生态资源的过度开发,环境污染不断加剧,使我国海洋水生生态系统受损严重,局部海域生态失衡,生物多样性锐减.目前,海水生态系统的退化已经引起国家政府部门的重视,并开始探索、研究、试验和实验水生生态系统的修复工作.这对我国近海生态系统的发展起着协调、促进的作用.     

肉品微生态系统与肉类发酵剂研究

论述了鲜肉、腌制、熏制及传统自然发酵肉制品中主要微生态菌群的构成与气调贮藏、冷链系统中肉品微生态系的变化。介绍了国外商业化肉类发酵剂中酵母菌、霉菌、乳酸菌、微球菌、链霉菌等微生物的生理生化与分子特性。可以认为 ,以PCR为基础的分子检测技术将是对食品微生态系进行研究的有效手段。     

1990—2020年霍山县生态系统服务价值空间格局及其动态演化

霍山县位于大别山国家重点生态功能区范围内,研究其生态系统服务价值变化对于协调区域经济发展和生态环境保护之间的关系,制定区域经济发展规划以及优化配置土地资源具有重要的参考价值。基于RS和GIS技术,获取霍山县1990—2020年7期的土地利用数据,参照谢高地等2008年的中国陆地生态系统服务价值系数,根据Thornthwaite Memorial气候生产力模型,得出霍山县生态系统服务价值修正系数。在此基础上,从土地利用变化的速度、方向以及利用程度3个方面,分析土地利用转型对霍山县生态系统服务价值变化的影响,并对其结果进行空间自相关及冷热点分析。结果表明：1）1990—2020年霍山县土地利用变化整体较慢,其中建设用地、耕地变化幅度较大,幅度分别达到402.58%、-5.13%;2）从土地利用转移方向上看,霍山县土地转出贡献率最高的为林地,土地转入贡献率最高的为建设用地;3）土地利用综合变化指数大于0,县域土地利用处于发展期;4）30年来霍山县生态系统服务价值出现了一定程度的下降,其中林地生态系统服务价值减少量最大;5）霍山县的生态系统服务价值空间格局呈现明显的空间自相关,热点区域集中在县域中部林地及水域附近,冷点区域集中在南部草地及中心城区,冷点范围由于建设用地的扩张而显著增大。整体来看,1990—2020年霍山县生态系统服务价值降低,空间分布格局发生改变,未来应加强区域生态保护,提升用地集约化程度,防止建设用地无序扩张。     

基于景观演变的滨海湿地生态健康评价与预测

以长乐闽江河口国家湿地公园为例,选取2008年以来的影像数据,构建基于PSR模型的长乐闽江河口国家湿地公园生态系统健康评价指标体系,并运用熵权法与综合评价法,结合灰色预测模型,预测闽江口国家湿地公园2020、2022、2024年的健康状况。结果表明,闽江口国家湿地公园的潮间带盐沼、草甸与水体间的景观类型反复变化且明显;2008、2010、2012、2014、2016、2018年生态健康值分别为0.740、0.737、0.704、0.640、0.674、0.654,均处于健康状态,但受人类干扰、养殖密度、城镇与农业等人为因素的影响,总体呈下降趋势,且经预测,2020、2022、2024年生态系统健康值均为亚健康。     

The importance of a hierarchical ecosystem classification for the biological evaluation and selection of least valuable sites

This paper suggests that for assessment studies, divisions into a core region (ecoseries), an immediate surrounding (ecosecction) and a wider surrounding (ecodistrict) should be used in ecosystem classification. A methodology to classify sites was set up and, making use of ten sites for biological evaluation in Belgium, it was shown how a hierarchical ecosystem classification could improve categorisation. Often the visual characteristics of the surrounding landscape, such as diversity or connectivity, mask the features of the core zone itself (ecoseries). Using different hierarchic ecosystem levels is a direct and effective help to avoid this masking and to give more importance to existing nuances.