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91.
Academically selective schools are intended to affect academic self-concept positively, but theoretical and empirical research demonstrates that the effects are negative. The big-fish--little-pond effect (BFLPE), an application of social comparison theory to educational settings, posits that a student will have a lower academic self-concept in an academically selective school than in a nonselective school. This study, the largest cross-cultural study of the BFLPE ever undertaken, tested theoretical predictions for nationally representative samples of approximately 4,000 15-year-olds from each of 26 countries (N=103,558) who completed the same self-concept instrument and achievement tests. Consistent with the BFLPE, the effects of school-average achievement were negative in all 26 countries (M beta=-.20, SD=.08), demonstrating the BFLPE's cross-cultural generalizability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
92.
To clarify whether motion information per se has a separable influence on action control, the authors investigated whether irrelevant direction of motion of stimuli whose overall position was constant over time would affect manual left-right responses (i.e., reveal a motion-based Simon effect). In Experiments 1 and 2, significant Simon effects were obtained for sine-wave gratings moving in a stationary Gaussian window. In Experiment 3, a direction-based Simon effect with random-dot patterns was replicated, except that the perceived direction of motion was based on the displacement of single elements. Experiments 4 and 5 studied motion-based Simon effects to point-light figures that walked in place--displays requiring high-level analysis of global shape and local motion. Motion-based Simon effects occurred when the displays could be interpreted as an upright human walker, showing that a high-level representation of motion direction mediated the effects. Thus, the present study establishes links between high-level motion perception and action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
93.
Over the last century, IQ scores have been steadily rising, a phenomenon dubbed the Flynn effect. Because of the Flynn effect, IQ tests are periodically renormed, making them harder. Given that eligibility for mental retardation (MR) services relies heavily on IQ scores, renormed tests could have a significant impact on MR placements. In longitudinal IQ records from 9 sites around the country, students in the borderline and mild MR range lost an average of 5.6 points when retested on a renormed test and were more likely to be classified MR compared with peers retested on the same test. The magnitude of the effect is large and affects national policies on education, social security, the death penalty, and the military. This paper reports the perceptions of professionals as they relate to IQ score fluctuations in normal, borderline, and/or MR populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
94.
Cognitive Operations in the Generation Effect on a Recall Test: Role of Aging and Divided Attention.
Generation effect (generated words are better memorized than read words) of anagrams, rhymes, and associates of target words was examined in young, elderly, and very old subjects. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that only young subjects benefit from the generation effect in a free-recall test when the rule is of a phonological nature. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 showed that the generation effect of rhymes was due to a resources-dependent self-initiated process. Experiments 4 and 5 showed that in a divided-attention situation, generation effect of rhymes is not significant in young subjects, but that the generation effect of semantic associates remains significant for both groups (Experiment 5). The results are discussed within the environmental support framework and the transfer-appropriate processing framework. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
95.
No authorship indicated 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2004,59(5):352
The 2004 Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Application of Psychology was awarded to Edwin A. Fleishman, for his significant contributions to the science and applications of psychology, which he has sustained over his remarkable career. He is cited for his research, which has had a profound influence on our understanding of human capabilities, their measurement, their development, and their application in the world of work. Through his many influential leadership roles, as president of the International Association of Applied Psychology and three divisions of the American Psychological Association, and as editor of the Journal of Applied Psychology, he has helped shape our profession. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
96.
To find the exact probability distribution of the global maximum or minimum of a random field within a bounded domain is a pending problem even for Gaussian fields. Except for very special examples of fields, recourse must be taken to approximate reasoning or asymptotic considerations to be judged with respect to accuracy by simulations. In this paper, the problem is addressed through a functional equation that leads to the definition of a class of distribution functions that depend solely on process or field characteristics and domain quantities that can be calculated explicitly. This distribution function class is studied for Gaussian processes in earlier works by the author and it has been obtained explicitly for Gaussian fields on rectangular domains in the plane. Simulation studies show that rather good predictions are obtained for sufficiently smooth wide band Gaussian processes and fields. In this paper, the distribution function is obtained in general for Gaussian fields over arbitrary bounded domains with piecewise continuous and differentiable boundaries, and as in earlier works the distribution function is tested against empirical distribution functions obtained by simulation of sample functions of a smooth approximately Gaussian field, herein called a broken line Hino field. For completeness this particular field type is defined in appendix a and appendix b. The paper concludes with a statistical application on data for plain concrete tensile strength. 相似文献
97.
Nondilute athermal and theta solutions of nonadsorbing flexible macromolecules in equilibrium with repulsive slit-like pores were examined by the lattice Monte Carlo simulations. The free energy of confinement ΔA/kT and the force f/kT exerted by polymers on the slit were computed as a function of the slit width D in a wide range of bulk concentrations φ. The free energy and force profiles in nondilute solutions were found to deviate considerably from the ideal chain theory; the perturbation of chains by a presence of the slit walls were substantially reduced in nondilute solutions. The free energy and force functions appropriate for nondilute solutions were derived by fitting the simulation data. Further, the relative pressure pI/pE exerted by the nonadsorbing confined molecules on the slit walls was calculated. The depletion effect relevant to colloid stabilization was found in dilute solutions to be slightly weaker for excluded-volume chains than for ideal chains. The relative pressure equation was modified to cover semidilute solutions, by using the mean-field and scaling expressions of the osmotic pressure. Both the relative pressure pI/pE and the intra-slit concentration profiles φI(x) in tandem display a suppression of the depletion effect with increasing φ in simidilute solutions. 相似文献
98.
In 4 experiments, chronometric evidence for keypress schemata in typing was sought by presenting stimuli to be typed in positions that were displaced from a central fixation point. Reaction times were shorter when stimulus positions corresponded to keyboard locations of the letters to be typed, suggesting that position was an important part of the internal representation of the response. Experiment 1 presented single letters left and right of fixation. Experiment 2 presented single letters above and below fixation. Experiment 3 presented words left and right of fixation and found evidence of parallel activation of keypress schemata. Experiment 4 found no effect of the eccentricity of the keyboard locations and responding fingers, suggesting that response-location codes are categorical, not metric. The results are consistent with D. E. Rumelhart and D. A. Norman's (1982) theory of typewriting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
99.
Kenji Nomura Hiromichi OhtaKazushige Ueda Toshio Kamiya Masahiro HiranoHideo Hosono 《Thin solid films》2003,445(2):322-326
We have investigated the characteristics of transparent metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MISFETs) fabricated using InGaO3(ZnO)m (m=integer) single-crystalline thin films as n-channel layers and amorphous alumina as gate insulator films. The MISFETs exhibit good characteristics such as insensitivity to visible light illumination, off-current as low as ∼1 nA with a positive threshold voltage of ∼3 V and on/off current ratio of 105. The field-effect mobility increased from ∼1 to ∼10 cm2 (V s)−1 as the m-value increased. Room temperature Hall mobility also increased. However, unexpectedly these values were lower than the field-effect mobility. It is explained by existence of shallow localized state in the homologous compounds. 相似文献
100.
多模干涉型集成光学器件研究进展 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
基于自镜像效应(SIE)的多模干涉(MMI)型集成光学器件是集成光学中具有广泛用途的重要器件。本文详细而系统地综述了近几年来MMI器在国内外的研究进展,特别是其在集成光学中的应用。 相似文献