Fatigue crack propagation of multiple coplanar cracks with the coupled extended finite element/fast marching method

A numerical technique for modeling fatigue crack propagation of multiple coplanar cracks is presented. The proposed method couples the extended finite element method (X-FEM) [Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. 48 (11) (2000) 1549] to the fast marching method (FMM) [Level Set Methods & Fast Marching Methods: Evolving Interfaces in Computational Geometry, Fluid Mechanics, Computer Vision, and Materials Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999]. The entire crack geometry, including one or more cracks, is represented by a single signed distance (level set) function. Merging of distinct cracks is handled naturally by the FMM with no collision detection or mesh reconstruction required. The FMM in conjunction with the Paris crack growth law is used to advance the crack front. In the X-FEM, a discontinuous function and the two-dimensional asymptotic crack-tip displacement fields are added to the finite element approximation to account for the crack using the notion of partition of unity [Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engng. 139 (1996) 289]. This enables the domain to be modeled by a single fixed finite element mesh with no explicit meshing of the crack surfaces. In an earlier study [Engng. Fract. Mech. 70 (1) (2003) 29], the methodology, algorithm, and implementation for three-dimensional crack propagation of single cracks was introduced. In this paper, simulations for multiple planar cracks are presented, with crack merging and fatigue growth carried out without any user-intervention or remeshing.     

光电对抗仿真试验系统综述

论述了研制光电对抗仿真试验系统建设的目的和意义,光电武器系统的现状和发展趋势,介绍了光电对抗仿真试验系统的一般组成,给出了光电武器系统的常规试验内容和试验流程,并论述了可能采用的试验方法。     

DEA评价方法在超稠油生产经营中的应用探讨

超稠油的生产工艺非常复杂，影响油井效益的因素相对较多，因此对油井的评价就要评价各类有限资源投入的利用效果，查明积极因素和消极因素及其对经济指标的影响程度，促进经营管理的改善，寻求有效利用有限人力、物力、财力等资源的途径，实现资源的优化配置。本文通过使用DEA模型可对单井效益进行评价，对单井效益进行排队，对规模效益进行分类，对生产各投入因素进行投影分析，研究弱DEA、非DEA有效的原因，寻求对油井优化成本、提高效益的改进方案。     

天然水资源价值评估的能值方法及应用

本文从水资源的自然属性出发，提出了采用能值(Emergy)理论与方法研究天然水资源价值的新思路。论述了环境与自然资源定价的能值价值理论；根据水文循环与天然水资源基本特性，给出了水资源生成与能量转换的概念模型；从水的化学能角度提出了天然水资源价值的能值评估方法，包括理论方法与简化方法；并以我国南方某沿海县域为例进行了实际应用。实例表明，基于能值价值理论的天然水资源价值定量评估方法具有可行性。     

Niobium-containing catalysts—the state of the art

This review article is devoted to the materials containing niobium, which have been discovered or developed in the past few years and exhibit the potential application in heterogeneous catalysis. Niobium oxides and mixed oxides as well as sulfides, nitrides (oxynitrides), carbides (oxycarbides), and phosphates are considered. Among the catalytic processes in which Nb-containing materials were tested, liquid and gas phase oxidation is described in details, and the role of niobium in the prevention of the catalyst from SO₂ poisoning is mentioned.     

水利项目评价指标赋权模型的建立及其应用

提出了用于水利项目方案评价的方法——基于相对最优方案的指标赋权模型,介绍了该方法的基本原理,建立了综合考虑保证出力、年发电量、单位千瓦投资等因素的基于相对最佳方案的指标赋权模型,并用实例加以说明,与模糊优选神经网络模型的评价结果相对比,研究表明该模型适合于水利项目方案的评价和优选。     

论建立动态勘探目标评价体系的迫切必要性

从国际上通行的油气勘探评价工作重点,中国石油所面临的"已逐步进入一个不断在老区范围内开展精细勘探、在老区范围内开展新区块、新层系勘探以获得主要的储量增长"的新的勘探形势,现有地质研究中各专题研究与具体勘探目标评价脱节等多个方面,论述了在中国石油内部建立一套动态勘探目标评价体系的迫切必要性;并在此基础上阐述了一个完整的动态勘探目标评价体系应包括的主要内容;最后对该体系的建设进行了可行性分析。     

遗传算法在GSM移动通信网络频率规划中的应用

应用遗传算法设计和开发了针对爱立信GSM900系统的频率规划软件。在设计中，采用了交叉点存储、变异回退以及分割分步降维的方法，从而提高遗传算法的执行速度。     

Optimal Control of the Primary Drying Stage of Freeze Drying of Solutions in Vials Using Variational Calculus

The problem of operating freeze drying of pharmaceutical products in vials placed in trays of a freeze dryer to remove free water (in frozen state) at a minimum time was formulated as an optimal control problem. Two different types of freeze dryer designs were considered. In type I freeze dryer design, upper and lower plate temperatures were controlled together, while in type II freeze dryer design, upper and lower plate temperatures were controlled independently. The heat input to the material being dried and the drying chamber pressure were considered as control variables. Constraints were placed on the system state variables by the melting and scorch temperatures during primary drying stage. Necessary conditions of optimality for the primary drying stage of freeze drying process in vials are derived and presented. Furthermore, an approach for constructing the optimal control policies that would minimize the drying time for the primary drying stage was given. In order to analyze optimal control policy for the primary drying stage of the freeze-drying process in vials, a rigorous multi-dimensional unsteady state mathematical model was used. The theoretical approach presented in this work was applied in the freeze drying of skim milk. Significant reductions in the drying times of primary drying stage of freeze drying process in vials were obtained, as compared to the drying times obtained from conventional operational policies.     

对印制电路板环境冲击评估的研究

随着印制电路板产业飞速发展,其引发的环境问题日益受到广泛的关注。然而长期以来如何有效地进行环境冲击评估是业内研究的重点和难点。而本文采用了一种智能的简化分析方法来进行全面的环境冲击评估,以提高评估的经济效益和准确度,并希望能为决策者提供一个可供参考的环境冲击评估的理念和方法。