厅堂音质评价参量的相关性分析

当代室内声学专家经常选用的评价厅堂音质的物理参量，其间有几个量是相关的。作为室内音质设计的依据．必须寻找基本相互独立的参量，才有更大的实用意义。     

Functional and sensory properties of chicken meat from spent-hen carcasses deboned manually or mechanically in Jordan

Samples of chicken meat from spent laying hens were obtained by four different methods: (1) manual deboning of whole carcasses; (2) manual deboning of skinned carcasses; (3) mechanical deboning of whole carcasses; and (4) mechanical deboning of skinned carcasses. The meat was packaged, frozen and stored at ?18 °C for up to 3 months. Functional properties studied were pH, emulsifying capacity (EC) and water‐holding capacity (WHC) and, in addition, pigment concentration was investigated. Sensory properties included aroma, colour, texture and overall acceptability, as judged by a trained panel using a nine‐point hedonic scale. Removal of the skin prior to deboning by either method gave significantly higher values (P < 0.05) for EC, while WHC values were not significantly different among the experimental treatments, despite higher pH values for mechanically‐deboned meat, with and without skin. Pigment concentrations were highest in meat from Treatment 4 and lowest for Treatment 1, but values for both methods of deboning were affected by the presence of skin. There were no significant differences between treatments for any of the sensory properties studied. Changes occurring in the meat during frozen storage are described.     

Evaluation of capital cost data. part 7: Liquid waste disposal with emphasis on physical treatment

Capital cost correlations are given for oil-water separators, equalization basins, primary clarifiers, clarifiers and clarifier mechanisms, reverse osmosis unit, ultrafiltration units, gravity filters and miroscreens. Data are included for raw sewage, intermediate and recirculation pumping stations and for preliminary treatment (or bar screens, grit removal, overflow and bypass chamber and Parshall flume), for grit removal, comminution and gas stripping. The correlations are accurate to ± 30%, expressed in Canadian dollars and adjusted to a Marshall and Swift value of 1000. Details as to what components are included in the cost are given. Data are given for the labour and material costs to create a working process module. For inflation indices, a critique of the Engineering News Record, EPA small city, Marshall and Swift, Chemical Engineering and Southam inflation indices suggested that the Marshall and Swift index is most appropriate for the construction and process equipment studied here. Concerning the currency exchange, for the equipment and processes in this study, equipment costs the same whether expressed directly in US or Canadian dollars. To put the current data into perspective, several hundred sources of cost data were analyzed. The major correlations are compared, on a consistent basis, with current data.     

Design and Characterization of the CLIMPAQ,Chamber for Laboratory Investigations of Materials,Pollution and Air Quality*

A test chamber has been developed in order to provide a small and simple emission testing facility capable of testing construction products in a climate where the important climatic parameters such as temperature, ventilation rate and air velocity can be varied independently around typical indoor values. The test chamber CLIMPAQ is made of panes of window glass. Other main surface materials are stainless steel and eloxated aluminium. The chamber has a volume of 50.9 litres and is designed to meet the requirements for quantifying air pollution. In this investigation human subjects acted as air pollution judges, and chemical characterization of the air pollution was carried out. Carpet, linoleum, wall paint and seal- ant were tested simultaneously in the CLIMPAQ and in four other chambers ranging from a full-scale chamber of 28 m³ to a field and laboratory emission cell of 3.5· 10^?5m³. Product ranking is the same in all chambers for the sensory measurements. Emission rates based on sensory measurements differ for all products less than 100 % except for tests in a 3-litre chamber where emission rates were higher. Chemical measurements differ up to approximately 10 times for the same product in different chambers. Deviations appear to be the result of different environmental parameters in the various chambers. Low air concentrations or high specific ventilation rates seem to increase emissions, while differences in air velocities and sink properties may also be the cause of differences in emission rates.     

Environmental Effects of Hydro-Electric Power Generation in Africa and the Potential for Artificial Floods

Electricity is a fundamental requirement for economic growth, and hydro-electric power is often thought to be environmentally benign. However, the construction and operation of many hydro-power dams in Africa have had significant negative impacts on the environment and rural economies. Reduced downstream flooding has destroyed fisheries and starved the floodplain soils of moisture and nutrients. Often the worst-affected areas have no electrification and therefore do not benefit from power generation. New dams which are planned in Kenya and Tanzania have been specifically designed to make flood releases. This will allow electricity to be generated whilst maintaining a dynamic flooding pattern for the short-term economic importance of fisheries and agriculture and the longer-term importance of soil fertility and biodiversity. Involvement of local community representatives in deciding when flood waters should be released on the Phongolo River in South Africa has resulted in substantial benefits to floodplain users.     

全金属反射光学系统结构的有限元分析

用有限元分析方法对全金属反射光学系统在各种受力状态下的变形、应力及固有频率做了全面的分析，并给出了结构多次优化后的分析结果。     

Personal Exposure in Displacement Ventilated Rooms

Personal exposure in a displacement ventilated room is examined. The stratified flow and the considerable concentration gradients necessitate an improvement of the widely used fully mixing compartmental approach. The exposure of a seated and a standing person in proportion to the stratification height is examined by means of full-scale measurements. A breathing thermal manikin is used to simulate a person. It is found that the flow in the boundary layer around a person is able to a great extent to entrain and transport air from below the breathing zone. In the case of non-passive, heated contaminant sources, this entrainment improves the indoor air quality. Measurements of exposure due to a passive contaminant source show a significant dependence on the flow field as well as on the contaminant source location. Poor system performance is found in the case of a passive contaminant released in the lower part of the room close to the occupant. A personal exposure model for displacement ventilated rooms is proposed. The model takes the influence of gradients and the human thermal boundary layer into account. Two new quantities describing the interaction between a person and the ventilation are defined.     

APPLICATION OF A COMMERCIAL ENZYME PREPARATION IN THE BARLEY MALTING PROCESS

This paper presents data on barley micromalting with addition of the CELLUCLAST enzyme complex. This is a commercial, multicarbohydrase with distinct β-glucanase and proteinase activities. The enzyme was added to steeping and germination phases, in different quantities (0.05%; 0.75% and 0.1% of initial barley). The enzyme was added to different malting phases: to the 2nd and 3rd steep water, at the beginning of germination on the 1st day by spraying, on the 2nd day of germination and in combination of addition to 3rd steeping water and in germination start (50% of total quantity of each). CELLUCLAST enzyme had a significant effect on reduction of wort viscosity, extract difference, wort filterability and protein breakdown, depending on the quantity of added enzyme and the malting phase to which it was added. There was no negative effect on other malt quality parameters. The best values of cytolytic breakdown parameters (viscosity, extract difference, filtration rate) were obtained with addition of 0.075% of CELLUCLAST, on the first day of germination.     

Hydrogen and Calcium Ion Concentrations Affect Volume of CO2 Puffed Diced Green Bell Peppers

Diced green bell peppers were soaked in a solution of hydrochloric acid or calcium chloride, air-dried to 50% moisture, held in CO₂ at 5.8 MPa for 1, 3 or 5 min, and puffed by abruptly releasing the CO₂ pressure. Treatment with 1% CaCl₂ increased the size of puffed-dried products as compared to a control; however, HCl treatments did not. The treatment with 1 or 2% CaCl₂ reduced shrinkage as compared to the control. The 1% CaCl₂ treatment may have increased the CO₂ saturation rate.     

正确运用规范把设计质量提升到一个新的高度

就民用建筑设计部门设计图纸质量抽查中出现的问题，进行了剖析并提出了注意事项。