Composition, distribution, and potential toxicity of organochlorine mixtures in bed sediments of streams

Mixtures of organochlorine compounds have the potential for additive or interactive toxicity to organisms exposed in the stream. This study uses a variety of methods to identify mixtures and a modified concentration-addition approach to estimate their potential toxicity at 845 stream sites across the United States sampled between 1992 and 2001 for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bed sediment. Principal-component (PC) analysis identified five PCs that account for 77% of the total variance in 14 organochlorine compounds in the original dataset. The five PCs represent: (1) chlordane-related compounds and dieldrin; (2) p,p′-DDT and its degradates; (3) o,p′-DDT and its degradates; (4) the pesticide degradates oxychlordane and heptachlor epoxide; and (5) PCBs. The PC analysis grouped compounds that have similar chemical structure (such as parent compound and degradate), common origin (in the same technical pesticide mixture), and(or) similar relation of concentrations to land use. For example, the highest concentrations of chlordane compounds and dieldrin occurred at urban sites, reflecting past use of parent pesticides for termite control. Two approaches to characterizing mixtures—PC-based mixtures and unique mixtures—were applied to all 299 samples with a detection of two or more organochlorine compounds. PC-based mixtures are defined by the presence (in the sample) of one or more compounds associated with that PC. Unique mixtures are defined as a specific combination of two or more compounds detected in a sample, regardless of how many other compounds were also detected in that sample. The simplest PC-based mixtures (containing compounds from 1 or 2 PCs) commonly occurred in a variety of land use settings. Complex mixtures (containing compounds from 3 or more PCs) were most common in samples from urban and mixed/urban sites, especially in the Northeast, reflecting high concentrations of multiple chlordane, dieldrin, DDT-related compounds, and(or) PCBs. The most commonly occurring unique mixture (p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD) occurred in both simple and complex PC-based mixtures, and at both urban and agricultural sites. Mean Probable Effect Concentration Quotients (PEC-Q) values, which estimate the potential toxicity of organochlorine contaminant mixtures, were highest for complex mixtures. Mean PEC-Q values were highest for urban sites in the Northeast, followed by mixed/urban sites in the Northeast and agricultural sites in cotton growing areas. These results demonstrate that the PEC-Q approach can be used in combination with PC-based and unique mixture analyses to relate potential aquatic toxicity of contaminant mixtures to mixture complexity, land use, and other surrogates for contaminant sources.     

C_9-AA石油树脂合成的正交优化

以精C9馏分为原料,丙烯酸为接枝单体,选择偶氮二异丁腈和无水乙醇作为引发剂和溶剂,石油醚作为萃取剂,采用自由基溶液聚合法合成了C9-AA石油树脂。采用正交试验法考察了反应中原料配比、溶剂用量、引发剂用量、反应时间等对可聚组分转化率的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。结果表明:引发剂用量为10%,溶剂用量为25%,在65°C下反应5.5 h,当n(C9馏分)∶n(丙烯酸)为1∶2时,可聚组分转化率可达96.74%。红外光谱分析证实了接枝产物的生成。     

清洁底泥吹填技术及其在滇池福保湾的应用

浅水湖泊直立沿岸带一般具有水深岸陡、水体污染严重、底泥不利于水生植物生长等特点,生态恢复困难.为了修复受损的浅水湖泊直立沿岸带,结合在滇池福保湾的生态恢复实践和国内外的相关研究,提出采用清洁底泥吹填技术减少水深、改善底质性状、创造多样性地形,为水生植被恢复创造有利的生境条件.清洁底泥吹填技术的工艺流程为,首先对工程区周边进行勘察,确定泥源;接着选用合适的疏挖设备按工程区基底修复设计的要求进行吹填施工;最后在基底修复满足设计要求的前提下实施水生植被种植等工程.该技术在滇池福保湾的应用显示,吹填工程实施2年后,工程区内水生植物得到初步恢复,恢复效果明显好于未采用该技术的恢复区.     

四氢β-咔啉氧化条件探讨

分别采用KMnO4、S/二甲苯、H2O2/乙酸酐和Pd/C四种不同的脱氢氧化条件从四氢β-咔啉合成β-咔啉;文章探讨了各种氧化条件下的产率和工业合成的可行性,并比较了S在不同溶剂的氧化收率和实用性;采用熔点测定、红外光谱、核磁共振光谱等方法对目标产物进行表征。得到氧化的最佳条件是以S/二甲苯为氧化剂,反应8h,收率为56.1%。     

Fenton和类Fenton氧化反应在化学试剂生产过程产生的影响及应对措施

文章通过对化学试剂生产中,H2O2氧化去铁和H2O2氧化去溴及化学试剂SPS生产过程中设备腐蚀和收率下降的分析讨论,指出了Fenton和类Fenton氧化反应在上述过程中产生的不良影响,提出了消除或降低Fenton和类Fenton氧化反应,在化学试剂生产过程中产生不良影响的应对和改进措施。     

均匀沉淀法制备不同粒径的纳米氧化锌

由于纳米氧化锌的功能和用途不同,因而需要制备出不同平均粒径的纳米氧化锌。论文以六水硝酸锌为原料,尿素为沉淀剂,研究了均匀沉淀法制备不同平均粒径纳米氧化锌的工艺条件,讨论了工艺条件对其粒径和产率的影响规律。结果表明:通过均匀沉淀法制备的纳米氧化锌的前驱体为Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2;制备的纳米氧化锌为六方晶系的球形颗粒,平均粒径为20～50nm;纳米氧化锌的产率随反应物浓度的增大、反应温度的升高、反应配比(n尿素/nZn2+)的增大而增大;纳米氧化锌颗粒的平均粒径随反应物浓度的减小、反应温度和煅烧温度的降低而减小。     

不同氮磷钾施肥水平对超级稻产量的影响

探讨各种土壤肥力状况下,不同氮磷钾施肥水平对超级稻(准两优1202)产量的影响,提出了超级稻合理的氮磷钾施肥水平和配比。     

砂姜黑土区控释尿素与普通尿素掺混对小麦-玉米轮作定位产量及氮肥利用率的影响

在驻马店新坡村进行了小麦-玉米轮作制下的控释尿素与普通尿素掺混比例定位试验研究。结果表明:控释尿素与普通尿素掺混处理的小麦、玉米产量均以70%控释尿素+30%普通尿素处理最好,第1年和第2年的小麦产量分别比100%普通尿素处理增产17.0%和21.1%,玉米产量分别比普通尿素处理增产16.2%和16.2%;氮肥利用率与产量结果一致,均以70%控释尿素+30%普通尿素处理最高,分别为53.9%和54.5%。     

基于MODIS温度植被角度指数的农作物估产模型研究

利用MODIS数据,以河北石家庄和邢台地区冬小麦产量估算为例,探讨了综合植被指数与陆表温度的温度植被角度指数在农作物估产中的应用研究.首先,根据冬小麦物候历,计算了冬小麦抽穗期四种参量指数:归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强型植被指数(EVI)、温度植被角度指数(TVA)和增强型温度植被角度指数(ETVA);其次,将实测的冬小麦产量数据与NDVI、EVI、VTA和EVTA数据进行回归分析,建立模型.结果表明,实测产量数据与这四种指数均具有很好的线性回归关系,相关系数R2均在0.60以上(分别为0.61、0.65、0.68、0.74),其中基于TVA和ETVA的估产模型要好于NDVI和EVI模型.由此可见,综合了MODIS光学反射和辐射信息的TVA/ETVA,能有效应用于实践估产中,并提高预测的准确性.     

大港减压渣油超临界萃取物的柱层析分离及GC/MS分析

在大港减压渣油超临界萃取物(DVR SFEF)的GC/MS分析检测中,除了大港减渣1级萃取分F1以外,在其他级分中分析检测出的物种和数量均较少,特别是DVR SFEF 10~SFEF 17的检测结果很不理想。故通过层析柱对DVR SFEF按照标准分析方法进行分离,可以得到饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质在DVR SFEF中的分布规律,以及DVR SFEF所含饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质中链烃、环烷烃和芳烃的含量的变化规律;还检测出了具有高附加值的稀有物质。