Design of 2.5 V second order sigma–delta modulator using regulated cascode S 2I memory cell

This paper proposes a new architecture for an over sampling sigma–delta analog to digital converter using a current controlled oscillator (CCO). The converter consists of a CCO, two analog integrators and a feedback D-to-A converter. This sigma–delta modulator is implemented using the switched-current regulated cascode S2I memory cell. The purpose of this work is to allow behavioural study of modulators, taking account of the main problem of this technique, which is charge injection in MOS switches during the fine memory. The idea consists of determining a model for each memory cell regulated cascode S2I. The model is implemented on MATLAB software to analyse the distortion on modulator output spectrum and to analyse the effects of different levels of errors. Through functional and circuit simulations, signal to noise ratio SNR of over 100?dB was obtained at 8?KHz signal bandwidth and 2.048?MHz sampling frequency. The architecture of over sampling A/D converter was used for audio and low voltage system-on-chip applications. The CCO is simulated using 0.35?µm technology and 2.5?V voltage supply.     

鄂尔多斯盆地子洲及邻区山西组二段高分辨率层序地层和煤沉积模式

鄂尔多斯盆地山西组既有煤层又含天然气,是重要的能源勘探目标。山西组二段主要属于湖盆三角洲沉积体系,山₂³亚段的三角洲分流河道砂体是子洲气田的主力储层。子洲及邻区山西组划分为2个长期、4个中期和8个短期基准面旋回,现已识别出5种短期基准面旋回结构。中-短期基准面旋回的划分,不仅采用了识别地层中层序界面、湖泛面和沉积旋回的方法,而且详细考虑了三角洲体系中煤层在高分辨率层序中的位置。文中运用了滨线轨迹分析法,将其与煤沉积模式研究紧密结合,精确地再现了研究区山₂³亚段煤沉积环境的演变过程。山₂³亚段是以间断性湖进-湖退为特征的三角洲环境沉积产物。山₂³期发生了4次短期的湖进-湖退过程,在下三角洲平原沉积了4个煤层。其中,最后一次湖进-湖退的规模最大,下三角洲平原大面积沼泽泥炭化,形成了几乎覆盖全区的较厚的5^#煤层。     

DC cancellation in the single-bit domain using ternary filtering

A structure for single-bit DC blocking is presented. This type of DC blocker is useful in practice to improve the stability and dynamic range of single-bit systems. The DC blocker is essentially a ternary filtering structure whose input and output are both assumed to be sigma–delta modulated bitstreams. Two techniques have been utilised to design the ternary filter to allow for implementation and performance comparison. Performance is tested for different kinds of single-bit format input signals, including sinusoidal, FM and AM–FM signals. The proposed DC blocker contains no multipliers and can easily be implemented with FPGA technology.     

东营凹陷永安镇三角洲层序地层及其控砂模式

针对东营凹陷民丰洼陷及其周缘地区发育的永安镇三角洲沉积,依据地震层序划分原理,结合测井和录井等资料,建立了永安镇三角洲层序地层格架,研究三角洲前缘砂体的展布规律,并对层序控砂模式进行了探讨。将永安镇三角洲目的层位沙三段中、下亚段各划分为一个三级层序,其中沙三段中亚段内部划分出3 个四级层序（MSC1—MSC3）、8个五级层序（Z1—Z8）,沙三段下亚段内部划分出2个四级层序（MSC4—MSC5）、2个五级层序（X1—X2）。在MSC5—MSC3层序发育时期,永安镇三角洲沉积规模较小;在MSC2层序发育时期,永安镇三角洲物源大量供给、强烈进积,并可推进到胜坨断层下降盘;在MSC1层序发育时期,永安镇三角洲物源持续供给,强度较大,但受到东营三角洲影响,逐渐向北发生迁移。对永安镇三角洲平面和剖面沉积体系演化规律的研究表明,各级旋回内部沉积趋势发生迁移,永安镇三角洲具有层序控砂的自相似性特点,三角洲进积砂体主要发育于各级旋回基准面下降半旋回,且下降半旋回含砂率高于上升半旋回。     

ANALYSIS OF RESIDUUM DEMETALATION BY SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ELEMENT SPECIFIC DETECTION

ABSTRACT

We analyzed thermally treated heavy residua by element specific size exclusion chromatography (SEC-ICF) to elucidate the fate of the V and Ni compounds. Thermal treatment, in addition to removing metals, significantly reduces the size of the remaining metal-containing compounds.We thermally treated the distillable and nondistillable metals separately. The distilled metals, primarily petroporphyrins, were completely removed under moderate conditions. The non-volatile metal-containing components, which constituted most of the Ni and V, were either removed, or reduced in size.when treating heavy residua over commercial fixed-bed hydroprocessing catalysts, the metal-containing molecules in the size range of the catalyst pore are preferentially removed. Those larger than the pore size appear to demetalate more slowly.The results argue demetalation is a function of the ligand structure and size of the metal-containing species and not necessarily the coordination sphere around the metal center.     

A Facies Analysis and Sedimentary Architecture of the Paleogene Dainan Formation in the Gaoyou Depression,North Jiangsu Basin,Eastern China

Abstract

Sedimentary facies of Paleogene Dainan Formation in the Gaoyou Depression, North Jiangsu Basin, as well as their distribution and evolution, are studied based on comprehensive analysis of cores and logging data. The results show that fan delta, delta, near-shore subaqueous fan, and lacustrine facies deposited in the Dainan Formation. Fan delta and near-shore subaqueous fan deposited in the southern steep slope. Delta deposited in the northern gentle slope. The sedimentary evolution of the Dainan Formation could be divided into two periods, in which the lake changed from shallow to deep, and then to shallow, the sedimentary area gradually enlarged, fan delta, delta and near-shore subaqueous fan prograded first, then retrograded, and finally prograded. It also shows that the fan deltaic subaqueous distributary channel and deltaic subaqueous branch channel have sandstones with well physical properties, which are the major reservoir facies belt of hydrocarbon.     

脉冲密度反馈对力平衡微机械陀螺的影响

通过研究脉冲密度反馈力对微机械陀螺性能的影响,设计了基于机电结合∑△调制器原理的微机械陀螺检测闭环电路.首先,根据微机械陀螺敏感模态的等效形式,分析得出脉冲密度反馈力对敏感模态的影响机理可以分为负刚度效应和增益效应两部分,且负刚度效应与输入角速度无关.然后,根据闭环检测理论建立了角速度和反馈脉冲密度之间的关系、量程与反馈脉冲高电平之间的关系.最后,利用量程设计指标和实际微机械陀螺参数,理论计算了所需的反馈脉冲高电平,并在Simulink中进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,所选参数满足了设计指标,且在正交误差等效输入角速度为0、30和50(°)/s 3种情况下,仿真得到平均脉冲密度和角速度之间的非线性分别为3.6×10-6、3.07％和5.12％.对正交误差等效输入角速度分别为30.4(°)/s和47.3(°)/s的I号陀螺和II号陀螺进行实验,结果表明,脉冲密度反馈力对负刚度的影响不随脉冲密度的变化而变化;得到的平均脉冲密度和角速度之间的非线性分别为2.9％和4.8％,实验与仿真结果符合得到较好.     

Crosstalk between Delta Opioid Receptor and Nerve Growth Factor Signaling Modulates Neuroprotection and Differentiation in Rodent Cell Models

Both opioid signaling and neurotrophic factor signaling have played an important role in neuroprotection and differentiation in the nervous system. Little is known about whether the crosstalk between these two signaling pathways will affect neuroprotection and differentiation. Previously, we found that nerve growth factor (NGF) could induce expression of the delta opioid receptor gene (Oprd1, dor), mainly through PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling in PC12h cells. In this study, using two NGF-responsive rodent cell model systems, PC12h cells and F11 cells, we found the delta opioid neuropeptide [d-Ala², d-Leu⁵] enkephalin (DADLE)-mediated neuroprotective effect could be blocked by pharmacological reagents: the delta opioid antagonist naltrindole, PI3K inhibitor {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002, MAPK inhibitor PD98059, and Trk inhibitor K252a, respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that DADLE activated both the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways in the two cell lines. siRNA Oprd1 gene knockdown experiment showed that the upregulation of NGF mRNA level was inhibited with concomitant inhibition of the survival effects of DADLE in the both cell models. siRNA Oprd1 gene knockdown also attenuated the DADLE-mediated neurite outgrowth in PC12h cells as well as phosphorylation of MAPK and Akt in PC12h and F11 cells, respectively. These data together strongly suggest that delta opioid peptide DADLE acts through the NGF-induced functional G protein-coupled Oprd1 to provide its neuroprotective and differentiating effects at least in part by regulating survival and differentiating MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in NGF-responsive rodent neuronal cells.     

A Class‐D Amplifier for a Digital Hearing Aid with 0.015% Total Harmonic Distortion Plus Noise

A class‐D audio amplifier for a digital hearing aid is described. The class‐D amplifier operates with a pulsecode modulated (PCM) digital input and consists of an interpolation filter, a digital sigma‐delta modulator (SDM), and an analog SDM, along with an H‐bridge power switch. The noise of the power switch is suppressed by feeding it back to the input of the analog SDM. The interpolation filter removes the unwanted image tones of the PCM input, improving the linearity and power efficiency. The class‐D amplifier is implemented in a 0.13‐μm CMOS process. The maximum output power delivered to the receiver (speaker) is 1.19 mW. The measured total harmonic distortion plus noise is 0.015%, and the dynamic range is 86.0 dB. The class‐D amplifier consumes 304 μW from a 1.2‐V power supply.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密气成藏条件与勘探开发

通过储集层岩性分析、流体包裹体测试、模拟实验等手段,结合地球化学、地震、测井、试油相关资料,详细研究鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密气成藏的有利地质条件及致密气藏基本特征,总结致密气勘探开发的关键技术。广覆式生烃和持续性充注的气源条件、大面积分布的三角洲相砂岩储集层与近距离运聚的成藏模式等地质要素的有效配置、共同作用,形成了鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界大型致密气藏。鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密气藏含气层组多、面积大,存在多个压力系统,储集层非均质性强,具有先致密后成藏的特点,储量丰度低。全数字地震薄储集层预测技术、致密气层测井精细评价技术与开发集成配套技术为致密气的进一步勘探开发提供了技术保障。