Nano-particle hydroxyapatite ( HA ) was prepared with a novel ultrasonic precipitation process and the as-prepared nanopowder was used to produce hydroxyapatite ( HA ) coatings on titanium substrate via plasma spraying. The phase and the microstructare of the coating were characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that spherical particles could be prepared by ultrasonic precipitation process; and a corresponding dense HA coating with molten surface and low-porosity cross-section structure was acquired. During the plasma spraying process, new phases of Ca3 ( PO4 )2 and Ca2 P2O7 were generated. After heat-treating at 800℃ for 1 h, the contents of Ca3 ( PO4 )2 and Ca2 P2O7 decreased while HA content increased. Tensile adhesion tests showed that the plasma sprayed coating prepared with the spherical nanoparticles exhibited high tensile bond strength. 相似文献
Microalloyed high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels contain additions of Nb, V, Ti, or in combination, in amounts of 0.01 to 0.1 weight percent to improve mechanical properties, which are strongly dependent on the thermomechanical interaction taking place in the course of rolling mill processes. The recrystallizatian of hat-twisted austenite has been investigated in a cylindrical specimen (f 6×50 mm) machined from hat rolled plates of 0,052 wt % Niobium microalloyed steel. Continuous and interrupted torsion test were carried out in the temperature range 1123 K to 1173 K after a solution treatment of 1.5 minutes at 1423 K and torque-twist data were analysed. The various methods were discussed for obtaining results from torsion tests. The effect of precipitation kinetics was appreciated by way of connection tp/tp(red), where tp is the experimental measured time for the peak stress and tp(red) is the newly defined reduced time. The softening ratio X and time t0.05R for start of static recrystallization were established.
The correlation between precipitation and recrystallization is presented as a graphs for chosen requirements (temperature of austenitization, carbon and niobium content and strain rate). If temperature goes below 850°C, the restoration processes are hardly suppressed, both are limited by diffusion and Nb(CN) precipitation, which are extended dynamically in the range of strains rates 10−2 to 1 s−1.
In the present paper, an attempt is made to derive the PRTT diagram and to define all mathematical equations for describing recrystallization times t0.05R, t0.5R, t0.95R and t0.05P for the start of precipitation. In real metal forming processes such as the hot rolling of plates or strips the knowledge of these parameters and results is extremely important for the the correct microstructure and sheet quality to be obtained. 相似文献
Lake Qinghai, the largest saline lake with an area of 4,260 km2 (2000) and average depth of 21 m (1985) in West China, has experienced severe decline in water level in recent decades. This
study aimed to investigate water balance of the lake and identify the causes for the decline in lake level. There was a 3.35-m
decline in water level with an average decreasing rate of 8.0 cm year−1 between 1959 and 2000. The lake water balance showed that mean annual precipitation between 1959 and 2000 over the lake was
357 ± 10 mm, evaporation was 924 ± 10 mm, surface runoff water inflow was 348 ± 21 mm, groundwater inflow was 138 mm ± 9 and
the change in lake level was −80 ± 31 mm. The variation of lake level was highly positively correlated to surface runoff and
precipitation and negatively to evaporation, the correlation coefficients were 0.89, 0.81 and −0.66, respectively. Water consumption
by human activities accounts for 1% of the evaporation loss of the lake, implying that water consumption by human activities
has little effect on lake level decline. Most dramatic decline in lake level occurred in the warm and dry years, and moderate
decline in the cold and dry years, and relatively slight decline in the warm and wet years, therefore, the trend of cold/warm
and dry climate in recent decades may be the main reasons for the decline in lake level. 相似文献
Analysis of continuous variables sometimes proceeds by selecting individuals on the basis of extreme scores of a sample distribution and submitting only those extreme scores to further analysis. This sampling method is known as the extreme groups approach (EGA). EGA is often used to achieve greater statistical power in subsequent hypothesis tests. However, there are several largely unrecognized costs associated with EGA that must be considered. The authors illustrate the effects EGA can have on power, standardized effect size, reliability, model specification, and the interpretability of results. Finally, the authors discuss alternative procedures, as well as possible legitimate uses of EGA. The authors urge researchers, editors, reviewers, and consumers to carefully assess the extent to which EGA is an appropriate tool in their own research and in that of others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
Thermal history and solute precipitation behavior of suspended solution droplets of sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), and zirconium hydroxychloride (ZrO(OH)Cl) evaporating at atmospheric and reduced pressures are studied. Experimental measurements on the variation of droplet diameter, solution concentration, and temperature during the evaporation period are presented and discussed. The results of solute precipitation behavior in solution droplets observed under an optical microscope are displayed and discussed. Results indicate that reducing the pressure (∼ 33 kPa) results in a change in the solution droplet evaporation rate, but the thermal histories of a particular solution droplet are similar at the atmospheric and reduced pressures. At atmospheric and reduced pressures used in this study, the d2 law for solution droplets is valid at early stages of the evaporation and before the solute precipitation initiates. Drying of MgSO4 and ZrO(OH)Cl solution droplets results in the formation of spherical particles, whereas drying of spherical NaCl solution droplets results in the formation of cubic particles. 相似文献