Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Mince and Surimi as Partial Meat Substitutes in Frankfurters: N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation

Studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of using 3 forms of Alaska pollock (AP) as a partial substitute for meat in a nitrite-cured product. The effect of several pre- and post-processing storage conditions on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were studied in frankfurters substituted with 15 and 50% unwashed and washed mince and surimi. In franks made with unwashed mince, frozen stored prior to processing, NDMA increased during frozen storage; little change was observed in franks containing washed mince and surimi. Refrigerated storage of franks generally showed a decrease in NDMA with all 3 forms of fish. Overall, the use of washed mince and surimi at the 15% substitution level gave mean values less than 2 ppb NDMA, even after boiling. The results indicate that 50% unwashed AP mince should not be used as a partial substitute for meat in frankfurters.     

Natural Products Inhibit Oxidative Rancidity in Salted Cooked Ground Fish

The extent of lipid oxidation in salted cooked ground fish treated with several natural products (polyphenols, dried spices and fresh spices) was measured by the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive sub-stances (TBARS). The fresh spices, ginger and tumeric, were more potent than garlic and onion (at 10% conc) in inhibiting lipid oxidation in salted cooked ground fish. The order of antioxidative potency of the dried spices was: cloves > cinnamon > cumin ～ black pepper > fennel ～ foenugreek. The dried spices were more effective antiox-idants than fresh spices. The polyphenols were the most potent group of natural antioxidants. The order of potency of the polyphenols (0.01% concentration) was: ellagic acid > tannic acid > myricetin > quercetin.     

Volatile Components in Salt-Fermented Fish and Shrimp Pastes

Volatile compounds in salt-fermented anchovy, big-eyed herring, hair tail viscera, and shrimp pastes were compared by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SDE/GC/MS). A total of 155 volatile compounds were detected. Of these, 111 were positively identified consisting mainly of aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, aromatics, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing compounds. Lipid-derived components, such as aldehydes, alcohols, and esters, comprised the majority of volatile compounds from fish pastes, while heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds, such as pyrazines, were predominant in shrimp paste.     

Alpha-Helical Structure of Fish Actomyosin: Changes during Setting

Participation of the α-helix in setting was investigated using circular dichroism. The α-helicity of the actomyosin from eight species of fish decreased during incubation at 30°C or at 40°C. The extent and pattern of decrease differed among species. When rate of decrease was plotted vs rate of increase in strength of gel preincubated at 30°C or at 40°C, the two factors correlated closely. We propose that the unfolding of α-helix initiated setting.     

Antibacterial Effect of Glucose Oxidase on Growth of Pseudomonas fragi as Related to pH

The effect of glucose oxidase (GOX) catalyzed reaction with glucose on Pseudomonas fragi was analyzed in nutrient broth and fish extract media. Growth of P. fiugi in nutrient broth was clearly suppressed by 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/mL glucose when combined with 0.5–2.0 U/mL GOX. The same GOX/glucose combinations inhibited P. frasi growth in fish extract media. Viable cell numbers in fish media showed clear growth inhibition with combinations of l.0–2.0 U/mL GOX and 8.0–16.0 mg/mL glucose. Higher GOX and glucose rapidly produced 2.0–2.5 unit decreases in pH, but produced enough gluconic acid to precipitate fish proteins. Use of 0.5 U/mL GOX in fish extract media resulted in slow, sustained activity with potential for inhibition of microbial growth in foods without excessive acidity.     

Effect of time of artificial insemination and supplemental estradiol on reproduction of lactating dairy cows

Our objectives were to compare reproductive responses of dairy cows receiving timed artificial insemination (AI) either at 48 or 72 h after induction of luteolysis and supplemented or not with estradiol cypionate (ECP). Holstein cows (971) had their estrous cycles presynchronized with injections of PGF_2α at 37 and 51 d in milk (DIM) and then received an injection of GnRH at 64 DIM and an injection of PGF_2α at 71 DIM. Cows were then assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial randomized block experiment; cows in the CoSynch 48 h (CoS48) received a final injection of GnRH concurrent with timed AI 48 h after PGF_2α, whereas cows in the CoSynch 72 h (CoS72) received GnRH and timed AI 72 h after PGF_2α. Half of the cows in each CoSynch protocol received an injection of 1 mg of ECP 24 h after PGF_2α. Therefore, the 4 treatments were as follows: CoS48-NECP (n = 240), CoS72-NECP (n = 246), CoS48-ECP (n = 245), and CoS72-ECP (n = 240). Blood was sampled at 7 d before and at the first GnRH of the CoSynch from all cows for analysis of progesterone concentration in plasma. Cows were classified as anovular when progesterone was less than 1.0 ng/mL in both samples. Blood was also sampled during proestrus from a subset of 123 cows to measure concentrations of estradiol and at 7 d after timed AI to measure concentrations of progesterone. Ovaries from the same subset of 123 cows were examined by ultrasonography to determine ovulatory follicle diameter and incidence of ovulation. Pregnancy was diagnosed at 40 and 68 d after AI. Prevalence of cyclic cows was 72.4% and was similar among treatments. Concentrations of estradiol increased after ECP treatment and at 72 h of proestrus with CoS72. Pregnancy at 40 and 68 d after AI and pregnancy loss were not affected by timing of AI or supplemental ECP. Delaying timed AI to 72 h and supplementation with ECP increased the proportion of cows displaying estrus at AI, and cows detected in estrus had increased pregnancy per AI associated with improved ovulation and increased postovulatory progesterone concentration. These results indicate that extending the proestrus by delaying timed AI from 48 to 72 h plus supplemental ECP, despite increased expression of estrus at timed AI, did not improve reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows at first AI.     

鱼鳞胶原蛋白的酶法提取工艺研究

以草鱼鱼鳞为原料,采用酶解法提取鱼鳞中的胶原蛋白,用正交实验优化提取工艺,并测定了鱼鳞的基本组成成分和鱼鳞胶原蛋白的氨基酸组成。     

淡水鱼皮胶原蛋白提取工艺研究(Ⅰ)

研究了罗非鱼、鳙鱼、草鱼和鲫鱼4种淡水鱼皮胶原蛋白的提取工艺。结果表明,鱼皮用乙醚2次除脂效果显著,除脂率依次为92.4%、95.1%、66.8%和76.7%,除脂后胶原蛋白的提取率和得率都略有增加。除非胶原蛋白的工艺为:先用NaOH浸泡6h,再用NaCl浸泡6h,4种鱼皮胶原蛋白对应的提取率分别为34.4%、28.7%、31.5%和42.5%,得率依次为8.4%、8.0%、8.2%和6.1%,比其他处理相应高出0.4-2.3倍、0.04-1.6倍、0.1-0.9倍和0.07-0.5倍。乙酸的提取效果优于柠檬酸,对应提取率分别为34.8%、23.6%、33.6%、43.0%,得率依次为8.5%、6.6%、8.63%、6.19%,比柠檬酸相应高2.4-4.3倍、1.7-4.0倍。温度对罗非鱼、鳙鱼和草鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白提取影响较大,最佳提取温度都为20℃,其对应提取率依次为34.05%、27.05%、33.38%,得率分别为8.32%、7.54%、8.58%;温度对鲫鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白的提取影响较小,在520℃范围内提取率和得率分别约为42%和6%左右。     

Bovine claw and limb disorders related to reproductive performance and production diseases

As part of a cross-sectional study of Norwegian Red Cattle, associations of lameness, lesions at the tarsus, claw shapes, and claw lesions with reproductive performance and production diseases were examined. Fifty-five tiestall herds and 57 freestall herds were sampled by computerized systematic selection and 2,665 cows were trimmed and limb and claw disorders recorded by 13 specifically trained claw trimmers during the late winter and spring of 2002. After exclusions, 2,583 cows were included in this study. Most claw lesions were mild (score 1). Prevalence of moderate and severe lesions (score 2 + 3) did not exceed 5% for any of the lesions. Hazard ratios for independent variables were identified using Cox regression analyses incorporating herd as a random effect in a positive stable frailty model. Wounds and swellings at the tarsus were associated with more clinical mastitis [hazard ratio (HR) = 4.0] and teat injuries (HR = 2.5). Moderate and severe heel-horn erosions in first-lactation cows were associated with increased calving interval (HR = 0.60). Moderate and severe hemorrhages of the sole in first-lactation cows were associated with decreased interval from calving to first service (HR = 1.6) and moderate and severe hemorrhages of the sole were associated with more milk fever (HR = 8.6). All hemorrhages of the sole (scores = 1, 2, and 3) were associated with more reproductive hormonal treatments (HR = 2.3). All sole ulcers in first-lactation cows were associated with longer interval from calving to last service (HR = 0.59) and longer calving interval (HR = 0.61), whereas sole ulcers in older cows were associated with longer calving interval (HR = 0.62). All sole ulcers also were associated with more milk fever (HR = 4.8) in all cows. Moderate and severe sole ulcers in older cows were associated with increased interval from calving to first (HR = 0.35) and last (HR = 0.37) service. Moderate and severe white-line fissures in older cows were associated with increased return rate from previous insemination (HR = 2.4). Our study shows that claw disorders are associated with poorer reproductive performance and some production diseases.     

Effect of select parameters on the properties of edible film from water-soluble fish proteins in surimi wash-water

Edible film from water-soluble fish proteins were developed by casting film solution on leveled trays and effects of pH (9.5, 10.0 and 10.5), heating temperature (60, 70 and 80 °C), and heating time (10, 20 and 30 min) of the film solution on various film properties were determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The impact of pH and heating temperature of film solution was more significant, overall, on the film's properties than heating time. Contour plots of tensile strength and elongation at break was highest at pH of 10.0 at 70 °C (2.75-3.02 MPa) but low in elongation at break (6.35-9.16%), while water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability were at their lowest (58.55-65.96 g mm/m² d kPa and 351.33-624.18 cm³ μm/m² d kPa). There was a direct correlation between the films’ and proteins’ solubility on one hand, and heating temperature of film solution on the other, which reversed with change in pH of film solution. Film color was darker and more yellowish with increase in the pH of film solution.