Scouring at Bed Sills as a Response to Flash Floods

The temporal development of clear-water local scour depth at bed sills in uniform gravel beds is considered. Experiments are presented on the development of scour holes under unsteady hydraulic conditions, with the triangular-shaped hydrographs tested being of different durations and different rates of flow variation. Based on the experimental results and a theoretical framework, a method is given for the definition and prediction of the scouring process under unsteady flows in terms of a dimensionless temporal parameter. A “flash flood” is here defined as an event for which the scour doesn’t attain its potential magnitude, i.e., the equilibrium value for the peak hydrograph flow rate. This flood nature is dependent on both the characteristics of the flood event itself and the characteristics of the stream. A quantitative measure of what constitutes a flash flood is given in terms of the identified temporal parameter. Results show that the ratio between the final scour depth and the potential scour depth at a bed sill for a given hydrograph can be estimated as a function of the identified temporal parameter.     

黄河下游高效输沙洪水研究

在进行以输沙入海为目的黄河小浪底水库调水调沙方案的制定时,必须同时考虑两个目标,即(1)提高洪水输沙效率,减少河道淤积;(2)节省输沙用水,降低水资源消耗.同时满足输沙效率较高和输沙用水较省这两项要求的洪水可称为高效输沙洪水.以黄河下游1950-1985年间历次洪水的实测资料为基础,运用统计方法,研究了黄河下游的高效输沙洪水.研究表明,输沙效率随输沙用水的增大而增大,只有某种中等的输沙用水量与中等的输沙效率的组合,才可能是较优或最优的.高效输沙的排沙比可以取为0.85～1.00之间.基于1950-1985年资料进行了研究,结果表明,黄河下游流量在2 600～4 800m~3/s之间,含沙量在30～50kg/m~3之间,排沙比在0.85～1.00之间的洪水,可以作为高效输沙洪水.若考虑排沙比＞0.85,这样的洪水在1950-1985年间的274次洪水中出现过27次.     

Community perception of the Klimkówka Reservoir in Poland

This article presents the results of a survey on how people perceive the Klimkówka storage reservoir located on the Ropa River in the Polish Carpathians. The analysis focused on establishing the role of various factors which impact the assessment of the reservoir by the local community. Community perception of the reservoir was analyzed in relation to several aspects linked to the reservoir itself, e.g. the risk of dam failure, feeling of safety, pros and cons, and how accustomed people were to the reservoir. A crucial issue was to identify how the real threat of a flood, experienced by people living below the dam, affected the way people perceived the reservoir. As a result of the analysis, a hierarchy of factors which determine people's assessment of large hydraulic structures was established. The results can be applied to determine specific measures aimed at limiting negative community perception of water infrastructure.     

黄河下游治理问题的策略

黄河下游的治理问题非常复杂，随着黄河下游来水量、洪水量及泥沙量的变化，治理策略也应做相应的调整。小浪底水库对中常洪水的调控运用应满足下列条件：①能防御标准洪水；②为下游减淤尽量延长拦沙期；③通过各种措施提高平滩流量。黄河下游生产堤现阶段应以调整改造为基础，配合其他措施达到稳定下游河势、提高平滩流量、改造滩地生产布局等目标。南水北调工程的实施应考虑黄河生态用水量，并能起到解决好黄河下游的长治久安的作用。     

淮河流域和长江中下游流域旱涝年的划分

利用1951—2007年国家气象信息中心提供的756站逐日降水资料,通过计算6—7月降水标准差,确定淮河流域和长江中下游流域降水变率最大的站点,分别计算各站与这两个流域降水变率最大的站点相关系数,把通过显著性检验的站点分别作为淮河流域和长江中下游流域的代表站。利用两流域代表站的标准化降水指数确定了1951—2007年的旱涝年份:淮河流域的旱年为1952年、1959年、1961年等共10 a,涝年为1954年、1956年、1957年等共9 a;长江中下游流域的旱年为1952年、1958年、1961年等共11 a,涝年为1954年、1969年、1980年等共10 a。结合水文资料进行修订后,确定了1951—2007年淮河流域和长江流域因梅雨季降水而导致的洪涝年份。     

1959-2018年山东省降水时空分布特征与洪旱演变规律

基于山东省1959-2018年地面气象观测站逐日降水资料,应用反距离权重插值、Z指数、Mann-Kendall检验及小波分析等研究方法,探讨近60年来山东省降水的时空分布特征及洪旱演变规律。结果表明：空间分布上,降水量存在显著的地区差异,呈现东部多西部少且山区多于平原的空间分布格局。时间分布上,多年平均降水量呈现下降的变化趋势,东部沿海地区下降速率比西北内陆地区快。山东省的洪旱灾害具有年代际变化特征,20世纪70年代前,涝灾频繁,80年代到21世纪初旱灾频繁,21世纪后,主要发生偏涝,洪旱灾害地区间差异明显。研究结果对该省防灾减灾及区域经济发展具有重要意义。     

洮河流域纳纳河山洪灾害临界雨量分析计算

临界雨量是指典型流域山洪、泥石流、滑坡等自然灾害“恰好”能够发生所对应的时段最小降雨量值。在《山洪灾害临界雨量分析计算细则》规定的基础上,经过实践摸索提出了综合分析临界雨量初值的几种方法,并以黄河支流洮河流域纳纳河为例,进行了临界雨量的分析计算。计算结果表明,所采用的分析计算方法对类似流域山洪泥石流临界雨量的分析计算具有借鉴意义。     

降雨因素对大清河流域洪水径流变化影响分析

选择海河流域大清河水系的两个子流域,对其洪峰和洪量的变化趋势进行了分析,统计了1956—1980年和1981—2005年两个时段一定频率洪水发生的次数,发现两个子流域洪水次数和量级呈减小的趋势。分析了降雨因素对洪水变化趋势的影响,结果表明,次降雨量和降雨强度均有减少趋势,一定频率降雨发生的次数在1981—2002年比1956—1980年有明显的减少,汛期降雨量也呈减少趋势,暴雨空间分布发生了一定的变化,这些降雨因素对洪水次数和量级的减小具有一定的影响。此外,流域土地利用变化和土壤最大蓄水容量增加也是导致洪水量级减小的主要因素。     

黄河内蒙古杭锦旗独贵塔拉奎素段凌汛期溃堤原因分析

2008年3月20日凌晨,内蒙古杭锦旗独贵塔拉奎素段黄河大堤发生溃堤,受灾面积106km^2,受灾群众10241人,直接经济损失达69120万元。通过分析溃堤原因,提出一系列防御和减轻黄河内蒙古河段凌灾损失的工程与非工程的建设措施．     

Do Management Actions to Restore Rare Habitat Benefit Native Fish Conservation? Distribution of Juvenile Native Fish Among Shoreline Habitats of the Colorado River

Many management actions in aquatic ecosystems are directed at restoring or improving specific habitats to benefit fish populations. In the Grand Canyon reach of the Colorado River, experimental flow operations as part of the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program have been designed to restore sandbars and associated backwater habitats. Backwaters can have warmer water temperatures than other habitats, and native fish, including the federally endangered humpback chub Gila cypha, are frequently observed in backwaters, leading to a common perception that this habitat is critical for juvenile native fish conservation. However, it is unknown how fish densities in backwaters compare with that in other habitats or what proportion of juvenile fish populations reside in backwaters. Here, we develop and fit multi‐species hierarchical models to estimate habitat‐specific abundances and densities of juvenile humpback chub, bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus, flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnis and speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus in a portion of the Colorado River. Densities of all four native fish were greatest in backwater habitats in 2009 and 2010. However, backwaters are rare and ephemeral habitats, so they contain only a small portion of the overall population. For example, the total abundance of juvenile humpback chub in this study was much higher in talus than in backwater habitats. Moreover, when we extrapolated relative densities based on estimates of backwater prevalence directly after a controlled flood, the majority of juvenile humpback chub were still found outside of backwaters. This suggests that the role of controlled floods in influencing native fish population trends may be limited in this section of the Colorado River. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.