软件安全性检测技术综述

该文阐述了网络软件安全检测的重要性,介绍了现有的主要检测方法,包括形式化安全测试、基于模型的安全功能测试、语法测试、基于故障注入的安全测试、基于属性的测试、模糊测试、基于风险的安全性测试、基于故障树的安全性测试以及基于渗透的安全性测试。     

Modelling water flow,nitrogen transport and root uptake including physical non-equilibrium and optimization of the root water potential

A model is presented for the simulation of water flow, heat flow, and nitrate and ammonium transport. Two approaches are used for modelling plant water uptake as well as for plant nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen transformations are accounted for in a very simple way. This paper focuses mainly on water flow modelling, solute transport, and water uptake. Richards' equation is used to model water flow in layered soil profiles with a great variety of boundary conditions. Solute transport is simulated with either a simple convection dispersion equation or with a two-region physical non-equilibrium model to distinguish between mobile and immobile water and solute exchange between these two regions. A macroscopic sink term is added to Richards' equation to account for plant water uptake. This term can be calculated along two different approaches, one of which is based on the concept of root water potential. The root water potential is then continuously optimized to minimize the difference between the climatic demand and the uptake rate.Simulation results are compared with field data from the Netherlands to illustrate the degree to which the model is able to predict water flow, solute transport and plant water uptake. The root water potential optimization model seems to provide the best prediction of water distribution. In particular the shape of the profile, revealing uptake patterns, is quite well reproduced with this model. Comparison of simulated and observed water content profiles seems also to reveal the presence of preferential pathways. The comparisons show also how predicted solute distributions can be improved by using a two-region approach rather than a simple convection-dispersion model.     

Bulk and Interphase Effects in Aged Structural Joints

Although structural adhesives are becoming widespread in numerous applications, one important limitation at present is the long term behaviour of bonded assemblies under conditions of high humidity, especially at elevated temperatures. This study presents a comparison between bulk properties of a structural epoxy resin and its behaviour in a torsional joint consisting of a hollowed-out cylinder bonded to a plate—both substrates being in stainless steel. Exposure to ca. 100% relative humidity at 70°C leads to modification of the bulk properties of the polymer, notably reduction of its elastic modulus. Although this may explain some differences in behaviour of the torsional joint, premature failure is attributed to weaknesses in the interphase zone.

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) has been employed to investigate both unbonded steel surfaces and fracture zones. Although prolonged exposure to water leads to a more extensive degree of (apparently) adhesive failure at the interface polymer/metal, AES has shown the presence of non-negligible quantities of carbon, attributed to residual polymer. Failure would seem to occur, at least partly, in a weak interphase of the polymer, near, but not at, the interface.

Various possible causes are evoked. For dry failure, residual polymer may be due to the topography of the metal surface and/or local modification of the adhesive during cure. In the case of aged joints, in addition there are potential effects due to swelling and differential stresses, secondary bond failure and molecular chain scission within the polymer, all provoked by the presence of water.     

Available nitrogen in soils and its determination by the ‘Nmin-method’ and by electroultrafiltration (EUF)

Excess nitrogen fertilizer rates are an environmental hazard. To avoid excess rates, the level of available nitrogen in the soil must be known and considered for assessing the nitrogen fertilizer rate. In arable soils nitrate and exchangeable ammonium in the rooting depth of a crop are directly available to plant roots. These two nitrogen forms are recovered with the Nmin method and they are considered in assessing the nitrogen fertilizer rate for arable crops.Besides nitrate and ammonium recovered by the Nmin method from soil samples taken in early spring, a considerable amount of organic soil nitrogen may be mineralized during the growth period and contribute to crop nutrition. The nitrogen mineralization potential can be determined in incubation tests. The absolute quantities of mineralized nitrogen thus obtained, however, are much higher than the mineralization rates under field conditions. It is for this reason that incubation tests have not obtained a major importance for assessing nitrogen fertilizer rates.With the electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) method nitrate, ammonium, and a minor portion of organic soil nitrogen are extracted from a soil suspension. There is experimental evidence that this organic nitrogen (=Norg) is easily mineralizable. Based on field experiments with cereals and maize formulae were established by which the nitrogen fertilizer rate can be calculated. In these formulae nitrate, ammonium and organic nitrogen extracted by EUF are considered.Advantages and drawbacks of the Nmin method and EUF method are discussed.     

New and Improved Tests for Adhesion

Three new methods are discussed for measuring the work G_a, required to detach unit area of an adhering material from a substrate. The first is a simple modification of the Outwater double-torsion test for long rectangular plates, bonded together. This method is suitable for evaluating aluminum-epoxy bonds, for example, or the transverse strength of fibrous composites. The second is a pull-off test for long strips adhering to a rigid surface. It seems suitable for adhesive tapes and laminates. The third is a reconsideration of the “blister” test for films and coatings, in which a circular debond at the interface is made to grow by internal pressure. The relation obtained between pull-off force F for a strip, or blow-off pressure P for a layer, takes the unusual form:

F⁴ (or P⁴) ∞ KG³_a

where K is the tensile stiffness of the detaching layer. This dependence arises from the non-linear (cubic) relation between load or pressure and deflection in these configurations. Nevertheless, the product Fθ, where θ is the angle of detachment of a strip, or Py, where y is the height of a “blister”, give direct measures of the strength of adhesion G_a, independent of the stiffness of the adhering material and of the extent of detachment.     

基于改进的BASS模型的服装产品生命周期研究

为提高服装的销售预测准确度,通过产品的生命周期曲线模型,使得服装销售预测的定性分析与定量预测有机地结合在一起。针对目前服装产品生命周期曲线模型的局限性,引入改进的BASS模型,对服装产品生命周期进行研究。通过销售实例探讨改进的BASS模型用于描述服装生命周期的可行性,建立了以改进的BASS模型为基础的服装产品生命周期模型,并利用该模型对服装销售量做预测,取得了比其他模型更高的精度。     

工业纯铝在模拟海水中的电化学腐蚀行为

为研究铝在海水中的腐蚀过程,采用电化学阻抗谱、浸泡试验、扫描电子显微镜研究工业纯铝在模拟海水中的腐蚀行为.结果表明:铝在模拟海水中发生点蚀的区域为富含Fe的晶间化合物处,点蚀半径随时间的增加而扩大.铝在模拟海水中的溶解曲线分为4个区间:活性溶解区、过渡区、过钝化区、钝化区.铝在模拟海水中,极化电位为过钝化区时,转移电阻R t随着电位的升高而变小,铝发生严重的点蚀;而极化电位为钝化区时,铝的转移电阻R t随着电位的升高基本不变,铝的溶解行为受到抑制.工业纯铝在模拟海水中发生点蚀的电位区间是-0.45～-0.65 V,钝化电位区间为-0.75～-0.85 V.     

考虑过程能力和成本的刀具策略研究

为了提高定期维修的刀具所加工的产品质量,减少停机时间和生产成本.考虑生产过程中工件尺寸的残差是时间的函数,利用Glejser检验方法,拟合工件尺寸残差符合的递增型异方差模型,提出了刀具磨损过程的过程能力指数计算方法;使用Bernstein概率密度函数描述刀具寿命和刀具磨损过程的一般特征,在每一个维修周期内均满足顾客要求的最小过程能力指数基础上,考虑质量损失、换刀成本、由刀具的突然失效引发的惩罚成本及维修刀具所需的成本,将过程能力与成本相结合,提出了用于确定最佳刀具初始状态和维修周期的模型.该模型为实际生产提供了一种离线的刀具管理方法.     

双洞口配筋砌块砌体框支墙梁试验

为研究双洞口配筋砌块砌体框支墙梁地震前后的受力模式,在拟动力子试验前后进行了底层框架配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙结构三层足尺模型的竖向力静载试验.试验结果表明:托梁与上部墙体表现出良好的协同工作能力,其工作模式为拉杆拱.通过对其在拟动力试验前后的受力模式进行了比较,可知带洞口配筋砌块砌体框支墙梁结构体系在墙体受到一定损伤时,并不会使墙梁的受力机理发生明显改变.     

煤矿井下电磁环境评价

分析了煤矿井下输电巷道、牵引网络及电机车巷道、机电硐室内以及通信系统的电磁干扰特点及传播路径,并对某煤矿井下不同区域的电磁干扰进行了测试;通过分析测试数据,参考GB 9175—88《环境电磁波卫生标准》对各区域的电磁环境进行了评价,结果表明所测试环境均达到一级环境电磁场的标准。