液压传动系统油液污染分析与控制

为了提高液压系统的工作效率,分析了液压系统油液污染的起因及危害,介绍了污染物分析及测定的方法,论述了油液污染控制的一般方法,以确保机器液压和润滑系统的正常可靠运行。     

颗粒长大模型在气相爆轰合成纳米材料中的应用

气相爆轰过程是一个相当复杂的瞬态物理化学变化过程,目前实验条件还无法观测爆轰过程中的具体变化,因而常常需要借助于数值模拟辅助理论和实验研究。本文以气相爆轰合成纳米二氧化锡为例,将Kruis颗粒长大模型应用于预测气相爆轰法制备纳米氧化物颗粒直径的研究中。通过研究压力与温度之间的转化关系,建立爆轰条件下的颗粒长大模型,计算出颗粒直径并与实验结果进行对比,以期可以通过合理的模型对其直径进行预测,并为最终人为控制爆轰法制备纳米氧化物颗粒直径的大小奠定基础。     

火电厂NO_x排放在线监测研究

针对现有NOx排放在线监测系统无法准确、完整反映火电厂脱硝设备及排污状况动态变化的问题,建立了一种远程NOx排放实时在线监测系统,分析了系统的构成、数据采集及主要计算指标,并全面展示了系统的应用功能。火电厂NOx排放在线监测系统在采集火电厂侧烟气排放CEMS数据的基础上,全面采集了脱硝系统的设备运行数据,统计分析更加准确;系统以脱硝工艺流程实时展示单台机组的脱硝状态,配合关键指标刷新监测及数据超限报警进行全面NOx排放在线监测;采用统计报表平台实现实时数据及统计指标的及时处理;实时数据库与关系数据库相结合的数据存储方式保证了平台监测数据的透明、公开、公正。目前火电厂NOx在线监测系统已在某发电集团得到应用,实现下属火电机组污染物排放的实时监管,完成污染物排放数据的统计和分析,促进节能减排。     

兰炭替代无烟煤高效清洁利用的研究

为考察兰炭作为清洁燃料替代无烟煤的可行性,在民用取暖炉中分别对兰炭和无烟煤的点火时间、燃烧时间、燃烬时间以及燃烬率进行研究。结果表明:兰炭燃烬时间为297.25 min,低于无烟煤的燃烬时间303.25 min;兰炭的残炭率只有无烟煤的1/10;针对污染物排放,兰炭NOx排放量只有无烟煤的1/7,SO2排放量只有无烟煤的1/4;但是在试烧过程中,兰炭和无烟煤烟气中均有大量的CO,这是因为在燃烧过程中,氧不足导致兰炭和无烟煤不完全燃烧,造成了燃料的浪费。综合以上,兰炭利用率高于无烟煤,且产生的灰渣和有害气体污染物少。     

Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.     

Photocatalytic reaction intensification using monolithic supports designed by stereolithography

An original photocatalytic reactor for the treatment of polluted air is designed. The titanium dioxide is supported on various supports that consist in photopolymers and are built using the stereolithography technique and placed in a glass tube illuminated from the outside, while the air containing the pollutant to be removed flows through the glass tube and the photocatalyst support. It is shown that the gas–solid mass transfer plays a role only at the very smallest gas velocities investigated. The global depollution kinetics are then determined for the different geometrical forms of the photocatalyst support and the efficiency of the forms compared.     

预氯化去除饮用水水源中高浓度氨氮等污染因子的应急处理研究

从水污染应急的角度,进行了氨氮的应急处理研究.氨氮去除采用常规工艺与预氯化为主要预氧化工艺比较试验.结果表明,常规的混凝,沉淀工艺对氨氮的去除作用有限,其主要作用仅为去除水中的致浊物质及部分有机物.在投加次氯酸钠作为预氧化药剂之后,发现其具有较好的去除氨氮的效果,当原水氨氮的质量浓度在1.0mg·L~(-1)左右时,次氯酸钠投加量为8.4mg·L~(-1),能够高效地去除氨氮,沉后水氨氮质量浓度为0.292mg·L~(-1)(达到国家一级水源水质标准),去除率为68.78%,UV_(254)也有32.26%的去除率;如同时需要更高的UV_(254)的去除率,则可选用次氯酸钠9.6mg·L~(-1)的投加量,此时氨氮的去除率为87.20%,水源水的氨氮质量浓度在0.123 mg·L~(-1)的水平,同时UV_(254)的去除率可以达到45.16%,从而控制THMs和THMFP这些毒副产物形成量在相当低的水平,是最理想的选择.此法在短时间内作为去除氨氮这种毒性很强的物质的应急使用是可行的,但不能长期使用,因为对微污染水源而言,如投氯量把握不当,则也会产生较多的毒副产物,对饮用水的质量安全构成明显影响.     

石油污染土壤的生态修复

物理、化学技术在修复石油污染土壤过程中会造成二次污染、改变土壤结构,且成本高,在应用上具有一定的局限性。以生物技术为主的联合修复是未来土壤修复的主要发展趋势。文章介绍了石油污染土壤生态修复的概念及修复原理,指出土壤环境容量的确定是实施生态修复的基础,植物、微生物及其联合修复是主要手段。通过对有效环境因子的监控、高效积累植物的筛选及基因工程等技术,必将使石油污染土壤的生态修复有更为广阔的发展前景。     

生物监测在大气污染应急监测的应用

结合实际,文章介绍了生物监测的基本原理、方法和步骤,以及运用到大气污染应急监测中应收集的信息和动植物受害症状的观察方法;介绍了二氧化硫(SO2)、氟化物(F-)、氯气(CL2)、氨气(NH3)、光化学烟雾等常见大气污染物的动植物受害症状和鉴别方法;并指出了植物大气污染危害与热害的区别方法。     

A novel photoelectrocatalytic system for organic contaminant degradation on a TiO2 nanotube (TNT)/Ti electrode

A novel degradation system, combined with photon-efficient thin-film photocatalysis, conventional bulk-phase photocatalysis and photocarrier-efficient electrocatalysis (TBPE), was developed on a vertically ordered one-dimensional (1D) TiO₂ nanotube (TNT)/Ti electrode for the purification of organics. The TBPE system possessed excellent optical, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical and photoelectrocatalytic properties as well as a high mass-transfer coefficient and interfacial activity. The combined degradation of methyl orange (MO) was optimized by varying the rotation angular velocity, applied bias and substrate concentration, and a photoelectrochemical synergetic effect of 62.2% was observed under the optimized conditions for TBPE compared to the individual electrocatalytic (EC) and photocatalytic (PC) systems. To explore the mechanisms, the combined thin-film degradation system of photon-efficient thin-film photocatalysis with photocarrier-efficient electrocatalysis (TPE), and the combined bulk-phase degradation system of conventional bulk-phase photocatalysis with photocarrier-efficient electrocatalysis (BPE), were comparatively estimated. A dramatic increase of 29.4-74.4% was observed in the MO removal efficiency via the thin-film TPE system compared to the bulk-phase BPE system. The results indicated that in the proposed TBPE system on the 1D TNT electrode, the predominant degradation occurred via the TPE system due to its excellent UV utilization efficiency and resultant interfacial photoactivity.