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91.
不同冻结方式对草鱼肉挥发性成分的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为探明冻结方式对草鱼肉挥发性风味物质的影响,以草鱼背肉和红肉为研究对象,采用新型材料MonoTrap作为固相萃取整体捕集剂,通过电子鼻和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对经过速冻、酒精浸渍冻结和冰柜直接冻结的草鱼背肉和红肉的挥发性风味成分进行分析和鉴定。结果显示,电子鼻可以良好区分新鲜和不同冻结方式处理草鱼背肉和红肉气味,主成分分析显示冰柜直接冻结样品的气味与新鲜样品的气味差异最大。通过气相色谱-质谱检测新鲜、速冻、酒精浸渍冻结及冰柜直接冻结草鱼背肉和红肉,从背肉中分别鉴定出45、33、28?种和22?种挥发性物质,红肉中分别鉴定出49、38、33?种和25?种挥发性物质,以醛类和醇类物质为主。结果表明,戊醛、己醛、庚醛、辛醛、2-辛烯醛、壬醛、2-壬烯醛、癸醛、2-癸烯醛、十一醛、2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、2-辛烯醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、二甲苯等化合物对草鱼肉总体风味形成有重要贡献。3?种冻结方式中与新鲜样品挥发性物质的种类和相对含量最接近的是速冻后的样品,差异最大是冰柜直接冻结样品。速冻更有利于保持冻结草鱼肉的品质,冻结后草鱼肉的风味接近于新鲜鱼肉。 相似文献
92.
利用水量平衡法计算蒸腾量的尝试 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文简要地研究了森林生态系统中的水量平衡关系,分析了当林地土壤含水量达到饱和状态时,尝试利用水量平衡法计算森林生态系统蒸腾量,并通过实例验证了这一方法.结果表明,方法可行,结果合理. 相似文献
93.
Trinidad Prez-Palacios Jorge Ruiz Juan Florencio Tejeda Teresa Antequera 《Meat science》2009,81(4):632-640
The present work was aimed to study the feasibility of classifying Iberian pigs fattened with two different diets, acorns and grass (AG) and oleic acid enriched concentrate (HO), by means of comparing the fatty acid profile and the content of different compounds of the unsaponifiable lipid fraction (neophytadiene and α- and γ-tocopherol) of subcutaneous (SCF) and intramuscular (IMF) fat of Biceps femoris and Semimembranosus muscles. The proportions of palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and linoleic (C18:2 n-6) acids of the three studied tissues did not show a consistent behaviour as influenced by the feeding. The proportion of oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was significantly affected by the diet in SCF and IMF of Semimembranosus muscle but not in IMF of B. femoris. Some minor fatty acids, such as arachidonic (C20:4 n-6) and linolenic (C18:3 n-3) acids, showed the best ability for the classification of the animals according to their feeding background and the obtained values showed significant differences caused by the diet in the three studied tissues. Neophytadiene and γ-tocopherol contents were statistically higher in AG than in HO pigs, while there were not differences in the α-tocopherol levels between experimental groups. Thus, it seems that procedures based on the quantification of arachidonic (C20:4 n-6) and linoleic (C18:3 n-3) acids as well as neophytadiene and γ-tocopherol levels would be useful to differentiate Iberian pigs fattened outdoors on acorns and grass from those fed MUFA enriched diets. 相似文献
94.
Yu-Haey Kuo Hwei-Ming Bau Bernard Quemener Jehangir K Khan Fernand Lambein 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》1995,69(1):81-89
The presence of a neurotoxic amino acid, 3-N-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (β-ODAP), in the seeds of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) is the cause of an irreversible spastic paraparesis, neurolathyrism, after over-consumption. This is a negative factor in an otherwise very tasty, nutritious, easily cultivated and hardy food crop in Asia and Africa. The reduction of β-ODAP to less than 10% of the original content has been reached by fermenting L sativas Jamalpur seeds with Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 1988 for 48 h, followed by fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus sp T-3 for 48 h. Other nutritional qualities were also improved in the fermented seed meal: increased content of protein, higher amino acid scores for sulphur-containing and aromatic amino acids, better resistance to high temperature and to oxidation, and drastic reduction of the flatulence factors. 相似文献
95.
Jai-Jun Choung David G Chamberlain 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》1995,68(3):265-270
Two experiments were carried out to identify the limiting amino acids for milk production in dairy cows consuming diets based on grass silage and a cereal-based supplement containing feather meal as the only high-protein ingredient. In the first experiment, the yield of protein in milk was increased by 26% in response to intravenous infusion of a mixture of histidine, lysine, methionine and tryptophan. In the second experiment, omission of methionine from the infused mixture led to no reduction in the milk response compared with that seen with the mixture of four amino acids, confirming that methionine was not limiting milk production from the basal diet. The results have important implications for the choice of complementary proteins to blend with feather meal in diets for ruminants. 相似文献
96.
The effect on silage quality of slurry type (pig or cow), rate of application of slurry (50, 100 or 200 m3 ha?1 year?1) and use of a bacterial silage inoculant, was assessed on grass from a long-term slurry experiment ensiled in laboratory silos. There was no significant effect of slurry type or the quality of silage made from grass re growths. However, on the basis of ammonia-N, lactate and volatile fatty acid contents, spring (first cut) grass treated with cow slurry in both years of the study produced significantly poorer fermentation (P < 0.001) than silage from grass treated with pig slurry. The quality of silage made from slurry-treated swards compared favourably with that from swards treated with granular fertiliser. Although increasing the rate of slurry application was shown to reduce fermentation quality in most treatments, this was seen as an effect of increasing the total-N content of the herbage rather than of slurry application per se. From a study, in selected treatments, of the bacterial flora at harvest, it was also observed that slurry application had little impact on either the composition or diversity of herbage enter bacteria at harvest, and therefore probably upon subsequent fermentation. No evidence was found for the occurrence of clostridia on herbage from slurry-treated swards. Use of a bacterial inoculant (Ecosyl; ICI plc) improved fermentation quality significantly (P < 0.001) even where high rates of slurry (200 m3 ha?1 year?1) had been applied to swards. The high acetate and butyrate contents typical of laboratory silages untreated with additive were not seen in the inoculated silages. 相似文献
97.
Lixin Mao 《Journal of Stored Products Research》2010,46(2):129-132
Nootkatone is a natural sesquiterpene ketone that shows insecticidal activity against insects and ticks. Its contact toxicity and repellency against two major stored-product insect pests, maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and rice weevil [Sitophilus oryzae (L.)], were investigated in the current study. Contact toxicity was evaluated using a no-choice test with treated filter paper, while repellency was evaluated using a choice test with treated corn (for maize weevils) or wheat (for rice weevils). Nootkatone showed low contact toxicity (ranging from 0 to 51%) against the two weevil species at the tested concentrations (ranging from 11.58 μg/cm2 to 1158.08 μg/cm2) on filter papers. In choice tests, corn treated with 0.10% or higher and wheat treated with 0.5% nootkatone or higher had significantly fewer maize or rice weevils compared with the solvent only treated control, indicating a repellent effect. The repellency percentage ranged between 46.3 and 93.1% against maize weevils and 39.2-67.2% for rice weevils. 相似文献
98.
Faeth SH Gardner DR Hayes CJ Jani A Wittlinger SK Jones TA 《Journal of chemical ecology》2006,32(2):307-324
The native North American perennial grass Achnatherum robustum (Vasey) Barkworth [= Stipa robusta (Vasey) Scribn.] or sleepygrass is toxic and narcotic to livestock. The causative agents are alkaloidal mycotoxins produced from infections by a systemic and asexual Neotyphodium endophyte. Recent studies suggest that toxicity is limited across the range of sleepygrass in the Southwest USA. We sampled 17 populations of sleepygrass with varying distance from one focal population known for its high toxicity levels near Cloudcroft, NM, USA. For some, we sampled individual plants twice within the same growing season and over successive years (2001–2004). We also determined infection levels in each population. In general, all populations were highly infected, but infection levels were more variable near the focal population. Only infected plants within populations near the Cloudcroft area produced alkaloids. The ergot alkaloid, ergonovine, comprised the bulk of the alkaloids, with lesser amounts of lysergic and isolysergic acid amides and ergonovinine alkaloids. Levels of all alkaloids were positively correlated among individual plants within and between growing seasons. Infected plants that produced no alkaloids in 1 yr did not produce any alkaloids within the same growing season or in other years. Levels of alkaloids in sleepygrass populations declined with distance from the Cloudcroft population, although infection levels increased. Infected plants in populations in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado produced no alkaloids at all despite 100% infectivity. Our results suggest that only specific Neotyphodium haplotypes or specific Neotyphodium–grass combinations produce ergot alkaloids in sleepygrass. The Neotyphodium haplotype or host–endophyte combination that produces toxic levels of alkaloids appears restricted to one locality across the range of sleepygrass. Because of the wide variation in alkaloid levels among populations, interactions between the endophyte and host, and consequences for herbivores, competitors, and pathogens and other components of the community, are likely to vary widely across the geographic range of this native grass. 相似文献
99.
Barnyard grass is a problematic weed worldwide. It competes with crops and causes reduction in crop yields. In this study, barnyard grass suppressed rice emergence, and the degree of rice inhibition was proportional to the density of barnyard grass. Root exudates of barnyard grass reduced germination and growth of lettuce, rice, and monochoria. Fifteen compounds potentially involved in the phytotoxic activities of barnyard grass were isolated and identified, including phenolics, long-chain fatty acids, lactones, diethyl phthalate, acenaphthene, and derivatives of phthalic acids, benzoic acid, and decane. Quantities of diethyl phthalate, decanoic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, 7,8-dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain, and 7,8-dihydrokavain were 2.7, 11.1, 19.6, 35.5, 10.3, and 15.5 μg/ml of barnyard grass root exudates, respectively. The two lactones exhibited the greatest inhibition, followed by the phenolics and the derivatives of phthalic acids. Fatty acids had stronger suppression than diethyl phthalate and ethyl ester-4-ethoxy-benzoic acid. The acenaphthene and decane derivatives were the least phytotoxic. The phytotoxins released by barnyard grass roots showed strong inhibition on growth of broadleaf indicator plants and paddy weeds, but were less effective on barnyard grass itself and rice. Our study revealed that in addition to competition, barnyard grass also interferes with rice and other plants in its surroundings by chemical means.T. D. Khanh and I. M. Chung are members of the research team of Friendly Environmental Low Input Natural Herbicide New Material Study of the Konkuk University. 相似文献
100.
Utilization and partition of dietary nitrogen in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Data from 207 production trials (998 treatment means) were used to study the effects of animal and dietary characteristics on the efficiency of N utilization for milk protein production, and on fecal N, urinary N, and total manure N output. The average efficiency of transferring dietary N to milk N (MNE; milk N/N intake) was 277 (SD = 36.0) g/kg. Nitrogen efficiency was poorly related to milk yield. Dietary concentrations of crude protein (CP) and protein balance in the rumen (PBV) were the best single predictors of MNE. Dietary CP concentration explained variation in MNE better than did N intake. Bivariate models with PBV or metabolizable protein (MP) explained the variation better than CP alone. The effects of protein feeding parameters on MNE were consistent among data subsets from studies investigating the effects of the amount and protein concentration of concentrate supplement, silage digestibility, silage fermentation quality, or substitution of grass silage with legume silage. The model with total dry matter and N intakes as independent variables explained fecal, urinary, and total manure N output more precisely than N intake alone. The model of fecal N output suggested that the true digestibility of dietary N was 0.91, and that metabolic and endogenous N was the major component in fecal N. The proportion of urine N in manure N was strongly related to dietary CP concentration. Including the concentration of dietary carbohydrates only slightly improved the models, indicating that the most effective strategy to improve MNE and to decrease N losses in manure, especially in urine, is to avoid feeding diets with excessively high CP concentration and especially excess ruminally degradable CP. 相似文献