铍材应力常数的X射线法测试

在X2001应力分析仪上采用悬臂梁加载法测试了可以用于铍的X射线应力测试的5个衍射晶面的应力常数。结果表明,铍的5个衍射晶面的应力常数差异较大，在进行X射线应力分析时．应采用相应衍射晶面的应力常数，才能获得准确的应力分析结果。由于X射线对铍有较大的穿透深度，必须考虑X射线穿透深度对应力常数标定的影响。     

RE型活化剂对氮碳共渗渗层性能的影响

研究了RE 型活化剂对45#、40Cr钢氮碳共渗的渗层硬度及深度的影响。结果表明:RE 型活化剂使渗层硬度和深度都得到了很大提高。     

V形件弯曲凹模最小深度的确定

该文指出了目前广泛使用的经验查表法确定V形件弯曲凹模深度的不合理性，分析了凹模斜壁的作用及其与圆角半径的相互关系，提出了凹模最小的深度的概念和计算公式。     

Electrochemical characteristics for redox systems at nano-honeycomb diamond

Electrochemical characteristics for several redox systems at diamond films with highly ordered nanometer-scale cylindrical pores (‘nano-honeycombs’) were examined with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance measurements. The cyclic voltammetric anodic-cathodic peak separations for these nano-honeycomb electrodes were in the same range as those for polished polycrystalline diamond films, indicating that the involvement of the oxygen-terminated surface of the nano-pore walls, which should give rise to large peak separations for certain redox couples was only slight. Moreover, the peak currents in the CV were not enhanced to the extent expected on the basis of the roughness factors of the nano-honeycomb films. Ac impedance plots results indicated the existence of a concentration gradient of the reactant in the nano-pores, which is in agreement with theoretical predictions for charge transfer reactions in porous electrodes. The average concentration of the reactant (Fe^2+/3+) inside the nano-pores was a factor of ca. 80 lower than that in the bulk electrolyte. The results of the impedance analysis also indicated an increase in the reaction resistances with decreasing pore diameters.     

薄板坯连铸浸入式水口结构数值模拟

使用有限元计算方法开展薄板坯连铸浸入式水口流场的研究 ,分别对水口不同浸入深度的流场分布、水口出口不同角度的流场分布进行计算。结果发现 :水口的浸入深度在 30 0mm时较为合理 ;水口的出口角度以R1 5、60°、45°为宜     

Upscaling hydraulic conductivity: theory and examples from geohydrological studies

This paper presents an overview of the theory of upscaling hydraulic conductivity and describes two case studies in which some of this theory has been applied. The representative hydraulic conductivity of a numerical model block (block conductivity for short) is defined in terms of smaller scale hydraulic conductivities. Also, using elementary examples, some general properties of block conductivities are given. Analytical solutions for the block conductivity are presented that were derived by various authors for uniform flow conditions both in a deterministic and in a stochastic setting. Some results of the hydraulic upscaling theory are illustrated by two case studies from the Netherlands. The first case study deals with deriving the representative hydraulic conductivity tensor of a clay layer. Upscaling results are compared with traditional harmonic averaging. In the second case study the upscaling is used to derive the three-dimensional distribution of block conductivities for a numerical groundwater model of a confining layer of complex deposits. Here stochastic upscaling is used together with a geostatistical simulation approach. The simulated block conductivities are used in a numerical groundwater model and results are compared with pumping tests. When the upscaling is ignored groundwater flow through the deposits is predicted wrongly.     

Has water-saving irrigation recovered groundwater in the Hebei Province plains of China?

This study performed a quantitative evaluation of the impact of water-saving irrigation on the groundwater regime in the Hebei Province plains area. In this work, the change in groundwater regime and the contributions of precipitation and water-saving irrigation development were investigated. The results indicate that the groundwater overdraft has been mitigated to some extent, mainly due to changes in precipitation and the implementation of water-saving irrigation, with contributions of 64.3% and 35.7%, respectively, when considering only these two factors. Water-saving irrigation is accepted as an important means for reducing groundwater depletion, but should be used in conjunction with other measures.     

长大隧洞工程建设中地下水处理的实践及思考

以引汉济渭工程秦岭输水隧洞(越岭段81.779 km)为例,围绕该隧洞建设过程中的地下水问题,介绍其总体富水情况以及地下水预测方法。通过对秦岭各支洞抽排水措施的综合研究,给出了抽排水方案的设计步骤,结合不同涌水的处理提出了突涌水的处理思路,并介绍了目前国内先进的突涌水预测手段及应用效果。根据秦岭隧洞抽排设备的配置思路以及洞外环保处理情况,指出了目前地下水处理过程中存在的问题并提出相应的解决方法。通过引汉济渭工程建设过程中地下水处理情况的介绍、探讨和分析,对长大隧洞处理类似地下水问题提供一定的借鉴。     

华北平原地下水资源承载力评价

华北平原地下水严重超采,并带来一系列资源环境问题,地下水资源承载力的可持续性面临严重挑战。本研究定义了地下水资源承载力的概念,提出了一种定量评价地下水承载力的新方法,并对华北平原地下水承载力进行了评价。结果表明,华北平原地区地下水资源支撑的GDP从2003年的15 608.18亿元迅速提高到2011年的37 584.9亿元,33.3%的地市位于未超采未超载区;华北平原整体及57.2%的地市均位于超采未超载区,已发生地下水超采,但通过提高用水效率,未来社会经济规模仍有发展空间;9.5%的地市位于超采超载区。最后探讨地下水资源的承载力的提高途径,主要包括增加地下水资源可利用量和提高用水效率两方面,其中提高用水效率效果更显著。     

陈家冲垃圾填埋场地下水环境健康风险评价

垃圾填埋是目前国内处理城市生活垃圾的主要方式,由垃圾渗滤液引发地下水环境污染已成为当前主要的水环境问题之一。选择武汉市陈家冲垃圾填埋场为研究对象,通过对该区周边地下水布孔取样和监测,分析了垃圾填埋场对其周围地下水环境的影响。结果表明:研究区地下水的主要污染因子为Pb、Cd和Fe,且各污染物的浓度与采样深度、井距呈负相关关系。垃圾填埋场产生污染的影响范围主要在距离800m以内、深度小于5.5m的地下水。为进一步了解该区地下水对人体健康危害的风险程度,对研究区地下水进行了水环境健康风险评价,结果显示:研究区各采样井地下水的总风险值在2.71×10~(-4)/a~7.12×10~(-3)/a,均超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10~(-5)/a,主要风险因子为基因毒物质Cd和Cr(VI)以及躯体毒物质硝态氮;其中,Cd和硝态氮所致的健康风险值超标率100%,而Cr(VI)的健康风险值超标率为50%,对暴露人群存在健康危害风险。此外,对男性和女性健康风险值的研究显示,研究区地下水环境中污染物的男性健康危害风险值普遍高于女性。