Influence of isothermal aging onσprecipitation in super duplex stainless steel

The time-temperature-transformation (TTT) curve of the 00Cr25Ni7Mo4N duplex stainless steel was obtained with a Formastot-digital thermal dilatometer,and the influence of isothermal aging on σ precipitation was studied by metallographic observation,X-ray diffraction (XRD),and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The results show that the decomposition of ferrite phase is accompanied by the formation of σ phase at 750-1000℃,especially in the range of 800-900℃.The longer the aging time,the higher the amount of σ precipitation.The area fraction of various phases remains at a certain value upon the completion of ferrite deformation.The temperature of 850℃ is the most sensitive transaction temperature,the incubation time for the formation of o precipitation is less than 1 min,and aging for 20 min leads to the complete transformation of ferrite.The o phase is formed preferentially at the α/α/γ junction,and then grows along the α/α boundary in the matrix.     

Preparation and sintering of nano Fe coated Si3N4 composite powders

Fe/Si₃N₄ composite powder was synthesized by the heterogeneous precipitation-thermal reduction process, and then pressed into flakes under a pressure of 10 MPa. Flakes were sintered by pressureless and hot-pressing at 1 600 °C under 0.1 MPa N₂. The chemical composition, phases and microstructure of composite powder and sintered flakes were investigated by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the structure of composite powders is Si₃N₄ coated by nano Fe. The crystal phases of sintered flakes by pressureless are Fe(Si) compound, SiC and Si₃N₄. The crystal phases of the sintered samples by hot-pressing are Fe, Fe(Si) compound and Si₃N₄. It is found that crystal phases flakes obtained by pressureless and hot-pressing are very different. Foundation item: Project(50804016) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

ENSO事件对松花江流域夏季降水的影响

对1951—2000年的ENSO事件对松花江流域夏季(6—8月)降水的影响进行了分析,结果显示:赤道中东太平洋海温异常与松花江流域夏季降水有很好的相关性,特别是ENSO事件出现后,El Nino事件影响年通常对应于松花江流域夏季降水偏多,La Nina事件影响年松花江流域夏季降水则较常年偏少,且二者通过了置信度α=0.05的显著性检验.这种相关性可用于进行松花江流域夏季降水的预测.     

Synthesis of Polycrystalline Yb:Gd_3Ga_5O_(12) Nanopowders by Homogeneous Precipitation Method

The Ytterbium doped gadolinium gallium garnet [Yb3+:Gd3Ga5O12, Yb:GGG] precursor powders were synthesized via homogeneous precipitation method using Yb2O3, Ga2O3, Gd2O3 and ammonium bicarbonate [NH4HCO3] as precipitator, and ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] as additive. The evolution of phase composition and micro-structure of the powders were characterized by TG- DTA, XRD, IR, and TEM. The results indicate that all precursor powders completely transform to Yb:GGG phase by calcining at 900 ℃ for 8 h, the resultant powders are well dispersed and have smaller particle size approximately 80 nm owing to the electrostatic effect.     

Nanostructured CeO2 microspheres synthesized by a novel surfactant-free emulsion

Nanostructured CeO₂ microspheres with an average diameter of 11 μm were prepared by a novel surfactant-free emulsion for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) measurements were used to characterize the products. The images of SEM showed that the CeO₂ microspheres consisted of petal-like nanostructures with petal thickness in a range of 60 nm to 100 nm. The BET measurements showed the specific surface area of the CeO₂ microspheres exceeded 43 m²/g. The XRD analysis indicated the nanostructured CeO₂ microspheres were of cubic lattice. A possible mechanism of an interfacial precipitation reaction with the droplets of solid-stabilized emulsion as templates was proposed.     

金沙江流域石鼓断面上游水汽含量与降水量特征

在流域尺度上研究水文循环过程中的水汽含量和降水量,为流域综合治理和水资源开发利用提供依据。基于ASTER GDEM V2地形数据、ERA-Interim逐月再分析资料及降水资料,研究金沙江流域石鼓断面上游上空水汽含量和降水量的时空分布特征,并讨论两者的相关性。研究表明：研究区上空水汽含量由南向北、由东向西呈递减趋势,西南部呈斜倒“U”型,东南部呈正“U”型;多年平均降水量自西北向东南逐渐增加;年平均水汽含量和降水量呈现上升趋势,四季水汽含量和降水量从大到小均依次为“夏、秋、春、冬”,多年平均月水汽含量和降水量为单峰型分布;年平均水汽含量同降水量之间为弱相关关系,各季节相关性差异显著,逐月相关性更具有指导意义。     

南水北调东线调水区及受水区降水径流变化特征

为给南水北调工程规划与运行提供科学依据,基于比《南水北调工程总体规划》制定水平年更加完整的水文观测数据识别2001年以来工程区降水、径流变化特征,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、小波分析等方法分析了比较期(2001—2016年)相对于基准期(1956—2000年)的降水、径流统计特性差异和变化特征。结果表明：相对于基准期,比较期调水区降水量变化不明显,长江大通水文站天然径流量下降3.5%,调水区水资源条件较为稳定;比较期受水区降水量较基准期基本无变化,天然径流量较基准期上升3.9%,但山东省、河北省和天津市受水区天然径流量下降6.6%,3省市天然径流量呈明显衰减态势。     

基于TRMM和FY-2C的长江流域月降水量的网格化估算研究

基于TRMM和FY-2C降水产品,结合气象站观测资料和DEM数据,采用基于区域分月的逐步回归算法,建立降水估算模型。通过模型估算得到长江流域2007年1月、4月、7月、10月降水量的空间分布图,并对得到的结果进行检验和分析。结果表明:模型对2种降水产品能进行有效的订正;模型估算的TRMM降水产品1月、4月、7月、10月的平均相对误差分别是37.7%,47.3%,44.2%,41.9%,FY-2C降水产品1月、4月、7月、10月的平均相对误差是46.3%,50.9%,39.8%,48.8%;模型模拟的TRMM降水的全年相关系数是0.838, FY-2C降水的全年相关系数是0.811,通过两者对比发现,TRMM降水产品作为趋势项的精度较高。模型估算得到的降水分布趋势和原始降水产品分布趋势基本一致,并且能体现出降水的分布规律。     

深圳市降水变化特征及其未来变化情况预测

基于1998—2018年深圳市日降水资料,采用降水相对变率、集中度及集中期分析了月尺度、年尺度降水稳定性及其年内分配特征,运用Mann-Kendall非参数法和相关函数法对深圳市年降水量、降水稳定性和分配特征参数的变化趋势、突变特征及其未来降水变化特征进行分析与预估。结果表明:深圳市汛期降水稳定性比非汛期更好,年际降水分布稳定性较差,降水集中期为每年6—8月份,降水集中度处于0.23~0.72;降水量和降水分布特征参数均在2011—2013年发生突变,在发生突变后降水相对变率和集中度呈下降趋势,而年降水量和集中期呈上升趋势;深圳市未来降水序列变化趋势受过去变化特征的影响,其中未来年降水量有减少的趋势,降水集中程度逐渐增强,降水稳定性逐渐变差,年内降水分配均匀性变差,降水集中期持续向后推迟。研究成果为深圳市合理蓄水和用水提供科学依据,对水资源调度、利用以及防汛抗旱具有实际指导意义和重要的学术价值。     

1951—2013年周口地区降水时空变化特征研究

为了研究区域降水的时空演变规律,根据周口地区28个雨量站1951—2013年的月降水量实测资料,利用经验正交函数(EOF)分析法、Mann-Kendall检验法及Morlet小波分析法,分析了周口地区63年来降水的空间分布、时间系数变化特征和时间序列的趋势性、突变性及周期性。结果表明,周口地区降水的空间分布有3种模式:全市丰(枯)一致型、南丰(枯)北枯(丰)型和东丰(枯)西枯(丰)型,其中全市丰(枯)一致型为周口地区降水的主要分布模式,其中1966年的全市降水偏枯和2003年的全市降水偏丰最为典型;周口地区降水量由东南向西北逐渐减小,各站点降水趋势变化不一,西南部呈下降趋势,中北部呈上升趋势,降水总体呈下降趋势;区域整体降水在1997年发生了突变,整体降水周期性变化明显,存在时间尺度为21 a的变化周期。研究结果可为周口地区的农业生产以及旱涝预警和减灾防灾提供理论支撑。