空化水流与水流空化数的压强差当量表述

引用＂物态＂与＂物像＂,以及＂像＂为＂态＂的＂当量＂表述等概念,以四个数轴的图形解析方式,比较了三种空化数的压强（差）当量与压应力状态的相对关系。从水流空化状态的客观发展过程和描述各个空化状态的空化数的物理意义出发,分析了各种空化数的数值描述与空化水流状态的不对应性。指出了托马斯空化数等不宜作为水流空化的状态描述及相似性代表的本质。并间接提醒人们,以数学方程式描述客观的自然现象,首先不能超越物理学的基础边界。否则,其推导结论很难与客观的工程实际问题相互对接。     

竖缝宽度对竖缝式鱼道水流结构的影响

竖缝式鱼道具有流态稳定、对上下游水位变动自适应性强、过鱼效率高等技术特点,是目前国内外比较流行的鱼道布置方式之一,得到了广泛的工程运用。已有研究表明,影响竖缝式鱼道水流结构的参数主要包括各级水池的长宽比、导板长度、导向角度、以及隔板墩头体型等。本文在已有研究基础上合理取用竖缝式鱼道的长宽比、导板长度、导向角度等参数,采用数值模拟方法,进一步研究了竖缝宽度对水池内水流结构的影响,并给出了其合理取值范围。     

高水头大流量岸边溢洪道窄缝消能工研究与实践

水布垭大坝是目前世界上建成的最高面板堆石坝,采用岸边溢洪道泄洪布置方式,具有泄洪流量和泄洪落差大、消能区河道狭窄、河床基岩软弱、两岸有大型滑坡体以及地下电站尾水出口临近泄洪消能区等特点。通过系统的水力学模型试验研究,解决了大型岸边溢洪道在复杂条件下的泄洪消能和地下电站尾水出口防淤等关键问题,其多项创新研究成果均应用于工程实际。工程建成后的运行实践表明,岸边溢洪道新型消能工的泄洪消能和电站尾水出口的防淤都达到了预期的目标,其试验研究成果可供同类工程借鉴。     

台阶式溢流坝后消力池压强特性

本文通过物理模型试验,研究了台阶式溢流坝在3种坡度下消力池底板上的时均压强、峰值动水压强、脉动压强强度及其形成的特点,提出了计算时均压强的经验公式。研究表明,时均压强、峰值动水压强和脉动压强强度最大值出现在水流冲击消力池底板处,位于x/hk=1.2～2.5,其值随泄槽坡度和流量增加而增大,时均压强的yp/hk最大可达5.4,脉动压强强度可达其相应时均压强的80%,峰值动水压强与时均值的比值可达5～8倍。压强最小值位于x/hk=2.5～5.1之间,时均压强偶会出现负值。脉动压强优势频率在冲击区为4Hz～8Hz,水跃区2Hz～5Hz,跃后区一般在2Hz以下。     

计入湿地植物影响的滇池二维流场计算

依据滇池生态环境建设规划,在以前研究工作的基础上,综合考虑湿地植物和湖泊水域条件变化,在水槽实验确定湿地植物综合糙率基础上,根据水动力学原理建立垂向平均化的二维水动力学模型。模拟研究了拆除防浪堤前后滇池水体及滇池生态湿地建成后湿地水体3种情况的流场,分析了湿地植物以及湖泊水体边界条件改变对滇池流场的影响。模拟计算结果表明,拆除防浪堤拓展水域对滇池湖泊流场整体影响不大,但拆除防浪堤改变了边界条件和风生流的局部流向,使滇池局部区域的流场变大。滇池北部福保和西山之间区域平均流速由0.73cm/s增加到1.18cm/s,增大了61.6%;滇池南端昆阳区域平均流速由0.34cm/s增加到0.57cm/s,增大了67.6%;其他区域的平均流速由1.22cm/s增加到1.32cm/s,增大了8.2%,变化较小。生态湿地建设对滇池流场的影响主要发生在湿地区域,湿地区域流场平均流速由0.43cm/s变为0.14cm/s,减少了67.4%;现有水体区域内流场平均流速由1.27cm/s变为1.21cm/s,减少4.7%,影响较小。研究成果对滇池湖泊生态环境的修复和建设有一定意义。     

Flow and spawning habitat relationships for Dolly Varden: Understanding habitat–population dynamics in the Canadian Western Arctic

Northern form Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma malma) have been designated as a species of Special Concern in Canada due to declines in population abundance and potential threats. Concern over detrimental effects of low flows on population abundance prompted research on how variability in discharge regimes influence habitat availability. Habitat suitability indices for prespawning and spawning adult anadromous Dolly Varden from two streams were integrated into a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic habitat model to assess the effect of flow variability on usable habitat. Regional hydrographs were used to identify an ecologically relevant range of flows that provided optimal spawning habitat for these populations and examine the relationship between abundance and discharge. Adults spawned in the tail end of pools at moderate water depths and water velocities, and used pebble‐ to cobble‐sized substrate for building redds; whereas, prespawning adults occupied deeper pools with moderate velocities and used cobble for cover. Model outputs showed that spawning habitat availability was optimized at flow rates between 1.6 and 3.0 m³/s and between 1.0 and 6.0 m³/s in Fish Hole Creek (FHC) and Little Fish Creek, respectively. A positive relationship between flows during the fall spawning period and abundance of the FHC population suggests that higher flows coinciding with optimal habitat availability may have contributed to positive recruitment. To strengthen and refine this habitat–population relationship for Dolly Varden in this area requires investigation of a broader suite of variables associated with environmental regimes and physical habitat in reaches used for spawning.     

Impact of Lake Michigan water level rise on complex bidirectional flow in the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS)

In the past decade, continuously rising water levels in Lake Michigan have been threatening lakefront areas, especially in metropolitan regions like the Greater Chicago area. This provides the motivation to analyze the impact that high lake levels have on the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS). As the only primary free connection between the CAWS and Lake Michigan, the Calumet Area waterway subsystem plays a key and unique role. In this work, a numerical model covering the Calumet subsystem and having Lake Michigan as a boundary condition, is set up, calibrated, and validated using limited field observations. It is found that the Calumet subsystem has become bidirectional, where both discharge and flow directions are controlled by lake levels. When lake levels are below −0.15 m (-0.5 ft, Chicago City Datum, CCD), the discharge in the Grand Calumet River is around zero, with water flowing along its east branch towards Indiana. When lake levels are above +0.46 m (+1.5 ft, CCD), the flow reverses direction and drains west into Illinois. In 2020, the mean lake-level was at +1.07 m (+3.5 ft, CCD), and the base discharge in the Grand Calumet River was approximately 8.5 m³/s (300 ft³/s). The higher Lake Michigan’s level is, the larger the discharge would be into Illinois. Potential impact of this extra discharge on Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting (LMDA) of the State of Illinois and flood management in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC), is analyzed; while the nature of the bidirectional flows is characterized with the intent of shedding light on this complex phenomenon.     

数字化液压技术的控制方法研究

微电子技术和液压技术的结合已成为一种必然趋势，本文综合性地介绍了液压技术中数字化控制的有关概念和原理，对数字泵、数字缸、数字阀等分别举例说明其数字化控制的实现方法，并对其控制系统做了扼要分析。     

液压污染控制技术的研究现状及重点展望

介绍液压污染控制研究的主要内容、相关标准及现存的主要问题。并提出在线污染度传感器的研制．液压油的聚结过滤脱水技术开发和应用，以及智能化、自动化的污染控制和主动维护策略是液压污染控制研究的重点。     

基于生态学与水力学的水电站鱼道进口位置优化研究

为了合理布置鱼道进口,基于生态学与水力学理论和数值模拟方法,计算了某大型水电站下 游河道流场分布情况,结合过鱼对象的游泳能力和生活习性,划分了适宜布置鱼道进口的河道区域。 结果表明: 尾水渠内流态较为复杂,存在不同程度的环流或横向回流。随着机组增加,下游河道断 面流速增大,最大值可达 1. 4 m /s,但左岸位置始终存在低流速带,有利于布置鱼道进口。不同机 组组合发电运行工况下,下游河道流速分布与量值存在较大差异,需要布置 4 个鱼道进口以适应 不同运行工况。通过加设不透水丁坝的河道整治方案,左岸岸边流场得到改善,鱼类适宜聚集区 域得到集中,从而将鱼道进口布置数量优化为 3 个。研究思路和优化方法可为鱼道工程进口布置 提供参考。