泼河水库对潢河径流过程及水文情势的影响

基于淮河流域潢川、淮滨两个水文站1952-2012年的日平均径流数据,采用滑动平均法和Mann-Kendall检验方法分析潢河径流年际变化,采用集中度、集中期、不均匀系数和极值比分析潢河径流年内分布变化,采用IHA法分析泼河水库建成前后潢河河道水文情势的变化.结果表明:泼河水库未对潢河年际径流变化趋势产生显著影响,而对...     

基于WEP的横断山垂直带水文过程模拟研究

为了更好模拟横断山在气象、植被、土壤、水分等垂直地带性影响下的水文过程，本文采用分布式流域水文模型 WEP，提出反映空间分异特征的垂直带参数化方案，并选择横断山流域 14 个水文控制断面 1960—2015 年的逐月径流数据进行了模拟验证。结果显示，垂直带参数化方案较好地模拟了横断山区的水循环过程；通过两种对照方案和垂直带参数化方案的对比表明，“垂直带参数化方案”比“普通的参数方案”的 NS 提高 0.03、RE 降低1%，比“均一化参数方案”的 NS 提高 0.3、RE 降低 19.6%。通过考虑参数的垂直变化影响，能够提高模型模拟效果，且可更好地反映气象、植被、土壤、水分等信息的垂直地带性，弥补以往水文模型对参数的垂直变化描述不足的问题。     

基于MIV的遗传神经网络径流预报模型

针对中长期水文预报中预报对象与预报因子之间复杂的非线性关系,引入平均影响值对预报因子进行筛选,选出对头道拐站年径流量影响较大的年降水量、年均相对湿度、年均气压3个因子作为神经网络的自变量,利用遗传算法优化的BP神经网络建立了预报模型。预报结果表明:基于平均影响值的遗传神经网络的预报精度及稳定性均达到了满意的效果。     

金华江下游灵马枢纽建设与航道深开挖方案比选分析

内河航运工程常采用梯级枢纽建设或航道整治两种开发模式,在实际应用中需通过综合对比论证以优化开发方案。利用水动力数值计算方法,对金华江航运开发工程中灵马枢纽建设与航道深开挖两种方案效果进行对比分析,论证并优选工程建设方案。结果表明:若通过航道深开挖,研究河段最大疏浚深度超过5 m,水流归槽引起河道裸滩将破坏环境与生态;而灵马梯级枢纽建设方案不仅可使航道通航保证率提高至95%以上,还可显著改善该区域水生态环境与人文景观,是实现金华江Ⅳ级航道建设目标的必要条件。     

深度学习水文预报研究进展综述Ⅰ——常用模型与建模方法

数据密集研究范式主导的数据水文学正在成为水文研究的一个重要方向,而善于从大量数据中挖掘规律的深度学习理论推动了近年来数据驱动水文预报的研究热潮,并不断和水文学科融合,逐步成为数据水文学的重要研究方法体系。从深度学习与水文预报学科交叉的角度,简要介绍水文领域常用深度学习模型的原理与结构及其应用于水文预报中的一般建模方法,在此基础上进一步介绍深度学习与水文物理机制整合的基本方法,以期为相关研究人员开展深度学习水文预报研究提供有益参考。     

金沙江梯级水电工程施工期长期水文预报实践

为了满足大型水电工程水情保障工作需求,有必要深入探索并开展面向水电工程的长期水文气象预报服务工作.通过对金沙江流域旱涝趋势的主要影响气候因子特征和背景分析,基于金沙江流域气候特征和溪洛渡等水库建设对长期水文预报的需求,建立了一个金沙江流域汛期旱涝趋势的概念性预测模型,并结合其他数学、物理统计模型,综合应用于金沙江梯级(溪洛渡、向家坝等)水电工程汛期长期水情预报,取得了一定的应用效果.     

Multi‐scale Approach to Hydrological Classification Provides Insight to Flow Structure in Altered River System

Rivers are hierarchical systems exhibiting processes and patterns across spatial and temporal scales principally driven by changes in flow. Hydrological indices estimated with mean or median daily flow data (i.e. daily scale) may be insensitive to anthropogenic alteration that imparts sub‐daily variation to flow. Therefore, indices developed at multiple temporal resolutions may provide additional insight into the presence of flow patterns masked by traditional techniques. We characterized the flow regime along the longitudinal gradient of the Platte River, a large Great Plains USA river, using hydrological indices derived with mean daily and sub‐daily flow data and a combination of multivariate statistical techniques. Three unique flow units were evident using daily scale flow data, whereas six unique flow units were evident at the sub‐daily scale. Flow units at both scales were not static, but rather the presence and extent of flow units across the riverscape depended on climate, tributary inflows and human influence. Anthropogenic alteration including hydropeaking was evident at the sub‐daily scale but not at the daily scale. The full complement of flow structure within regulated rivers, therefore, may not be captured using mean or median daily discharge values alone. Inductive river classification studies may benefit from assessing hydrological indices at multiple scales, particularly when investigating river systems with anthropogenic modification such as hydropeaking. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

实时水情信息发布与告警系统设计和实现

利用语音应用设计接口（SAPI）和全球移动通信系统（GSM）短信息实现实时水情信息的发布和现场语音告警提示功能，加强了管理人员对水情信息的远程监视和现场监视。文中介绍了实时水情信息发布与告警系统的设计思想、工作流程、实现方法及技术特点。     

基于水情信息交换系统的报汛方式研究

水利部水文局研制的水情信息交换系统在水利专网内实现水利系统内数据库与数据库之间信息的交换和共享,但随着长江水利委员会水文局水情信息来源的不断扩展,与水利专网外的信息交换逐渐增多,现有水情信息交换系统报汛方式已不能很好满足需要。通过方案比选和代码实现,研究基于互联网和短信2种非水情信息交换系统方式的雨水情信息报汛的机制、设计思路和实现方法,结果表明该方式技术上易于实现,弥补了水情信息交换系统报汛方式的不足,在实际工作应用中取得较好的效果。     

Coupled Hydrological/Hydraulic Modelling of River Restoration Impacts and Floodplain Hydrodynamics

Channelization and embankment of rivers has led to major ecological degradation of aquatic habitats worldwide. River restoration can be used to restore favourable hydrological conditions for target species or processes. However, the effects of river restoration on hydraulic and hydrological processes are complex and are often difficult to determine because of the long‐term monitoring required before and after restoration works. Our study is based on rarely available, detailed pre‐restoration and post‐restoration hydrological data collected from a wet grassland meadow in Norfolk, UK, and provides important insights into the hydrological effects of river restoration. Groundwater hydrology and climate were monitored from 2007 to 2010. Based on our data, we developed coupled hydrological/hydraulic models of pre‐embankment and post‐embankment conditions using the MIKE‐SHE/MIKE 11 system. Simulated groundwater levels compared well with observed groundwater. Removal of the river embankments resulted in widespread floodplain inundation at high river flows (>1.7 m³ s^?1) and frequent localized flooding at the river edge during smaller events (>0.6 m³ s^?1). Subsequently, groundwater levels were higher and subsurface storage was greater. The restoration had a moderate effect on flood peak attenuation and improved free drainage to the river. Our results suggest that embankment removal can increase river–floodplain hydrological connectivity to form a more natural wetland ecotone, driven by frequent localized flood disturbance. This has important implications for the planning and management of river restoration projects that aim to enhance floodwater storage, floodplain species composition and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients. © 2016 The Authors. River Research and Applications Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.