长江小江流域水文比拟研究及设计应用

小江流域是长江三峡工程库区左岸的一条支流，主流全长１８２．４ｋｍ，流域面积为５２７６ｋｍ２，是库区的重要防护区域。由于小江流域防护规划工作需要，针对流域内水文资料短缺的具体条件，进行了区域水文比拟研究，并深入现场进行历史洪水、泥沙资料调查和水文测验以补充资料不足。依据区域水文比拟研究成果，采用小江雨洪计算模型、推理公式等计算方法，推算了小江防护规划需要的设计洪水、径流和泥沙成果，得到了较正确、合理的水文分析成果。     

渗透铺装对降雨径流水文水质调控效果分析

以宜兴市海绵城市示范区域为研究对象,通过SWMM软件对研究区域概化、建模,根据实际监测数据对模型真实度进行验证。模拟了重现期分别为3a、5a、10a、15a、50a、100a暴雨强度下渗透铺装对降雨地表径流产生的水文、水质效果,并分析渗透铺装对城市雨水系统生态性的影响。结果表明:采用渗透铺装对降雨径流量的削减可达19.74%,径流系数平均降低21.93%,径流削减作用总体随降雨强度增大而增大,但增幅较小,调控效果较为显著且稳定。对常规污染物负荷(SS、COD、TN、TP)可分别减少24.12%、23.79%、22.81%、21.90%,削减作用明显,且对径流量及负荷浓度峰现时间产生一定迟滞效果。研究对渗透铺装的效果进行科学评价,可对工程设计提供一定参考意见。     

北庙水源地土地利用变化对水文要素影响的研究

选用保山市日气象观测数据和北庙水源地水库坝上径流资料,结合北庙水源地内的土地利用数据、土壤数据和DEM数据,构建其SWAT分布式水文模型,研究水源地三期不同土地利用方式变化对水文要素的影响。结果表明:在模型率定期和验证期,R2数分别为0.70和0.72,模型效率系数均大于0.55,径流模拟值与实测值相对误差在15%以内,SWAT水文模型在北庙水源地有较好的适用性。1986-2009年,北庙水源地土地利用类型以林地、耕地、草地为主;草地面积减少,耕地、未利用土地和居民用地增加是这一时期土地利用方式变化的主要特征。水源地水文要素发生相应的变化主要表现为坡面径流深、径流深和土壤侵蚀模数增加,而实际蒸散减少。     

Brief review on the development of isotope hydrology in China

The development of isotope hydrology in China is briefly reviewed. It includes oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of precipitation, application of isotope hydrological methodologies in solving water resources problems, isotope hydrological studies on brines and salt lake waters, as well as isotope hydrological investigations of thermal waters. The review focuses on isotope hydrology in China during the last two decades.     

Slope deposits and water paths in a spring catchment, Frankenwald, Bavaria, Germany

The spring catchment under study is underlain by shale, on which several layers of slope sediments (cover-beds) are deposited. The upper of these layers contain eolian fines mixed into shale-derived debris, which latter material entirely comprises the basal cover-bed. Due to its dislocation by solifluction, the shale debris has a tegular structure. This leads to hydraulic anisotropy, particularly where no fine earth occurs. Thus, water that seeps into such material is forced to flow laterally while vertical movement is impeded. The basal cover-bed therefore hosts a deep aquifer. Only during major discharge events, excess hydrostatic pressure makes water flow into upper parts of the soils, being mixed with surficially interflowing water. Most of the time, however, there are two levels of water flow at different depths with different dwelling times, which finding is supported by probably geogenic sulphur isotopes in the deeply flowing water that are different from precipitation water.KurzfassungDas bearbeitete Quelleinzugsgebiet liegt in Tonschiefer, welcher mit Deckschichten bedeckt ist. In die oberen Deckschichten wurde Löß eingearbeitet, während die untere ausschließlich aus umgelagertem Anstehenden besteht. Dieses Material wurde solifluidal verlagert und dabei mit einer dachziegelartigen Struktur abgelagert. Diese führt zu hydraulischer Anisotropie besonders in feinerdearmen Schichten. Wasser, das darin einsickert, fließt bevorzugt lateral, während vertikale Bewegungen stark behindert werden. Deshalb ist in der Basislage ein tieferes Aquifer entstanden. Während ausgeprägter Abflußereignisse wird der Überdruck darin jedoch so groß, daß es zu einem Aufpressen des Wasser in hangende Schichten und dort zur Vermischung mit höherem Zwischenabfluß kommt. Zumeist aber gibt es zwei unterschiedliche Interflow-Stockwerke in verschiedenen Tiefen. Dies wird bestätigt durch eine wahrscheinlich geogene Sulfatbeimischung im tieferen Stockwerk, die sich vom Niederschlagswasser in den Isotopen unterscheidet.     

污染场地环境水文地质勘察技术应用探究

环境污染的发生不仅会对人们的健康和正常生活产生负面影响,而且会严重影响社会经济的快速发展,所以,对环境污染问题进行针对性的处理,实施一系列的污染场地环境水文地质勘察活动就具有十分积极的意义.     

Long‐term fish assemblages of inner bends in a large river

We sampled fishes at 17 inner bend sites on the Wabash River in 2008 to compare with collections from 1977 to 1997. We used the same seine collection methods as previous years and collected a total of 37 species. Mean site Shannon‐Wiener diversity, species richness, evenness and abundance for all years were similar. We used multivariate analyses to test for patterns in fish assemblage structure among all sites and all years. The multivariate analyses resulted in distinct assemblages for each collection‐year, suggesting shifts in assemblage composition among years. We used separate multivariate analyses to examine fish assemblage variation within individual years. Variation that corresponded to an upstream–downstream pattern was present in 1977 and 2008, but not in 1997. A hydrologic analysis based on daily discharge revealed that eight large flood events occurred from 1928 to 2007, with four of these events during the recent 20 years. We quantified substrate variation at the 17 sites in 2008 and identified a longitudinal gradient in dominant substrate categories with gravel upstream and sand downstream that was correlated with the first axis of the 2008 fish assemblage ordination. We suggest that observed changes in fish assemblages in decadal periods were from hydrologic impacts of large floods on local habitats. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市化与环境水文

本文从环境水文的角度，探讨了城市化发展过程中所带来的有关气象，水文，水资源等方面的问题，并提出了一些建议。     

汉江上游流域水文特性分析

通过安康长系列水文资料分析，论述了汉江上游流域内降水、径流、泥沙的变化规律，同时提出了暴雨洪水特性、水力资源有效利用两个主要问题。     

水文自动测报系统在东深供水工程中的应用

根据深圳水库对港、深供水发展需要而建立的东深供水工程供水流域水文自动测报系统在防洪 等方面发挥着重要作用。本文主要介绍了东深工程全流域水文自动测报系统的最新组成情况及应用系 统状况。