In vitro and in vivo determinations of sun protection factors of sunscreen lotions with octylmethoxycinnamate

The aim of this work was to evaluate the correlation between in vitro and in vivo determinations of sun protection factors (SPF) of sunscreen lotions containing the synthetic sunscreen octyl methoxycinnamate. Three sunscreen lotions containing either 2, 4.5 or 7.5% octyl methoxycinnamate were prepared. The in vitro SPFs of these sunscreen lotions were determined according to the spectrophotometric method of Mansur et al. The in vivo SPF values were determined according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method. The results indicate that there was a good correlation between the in vitro and in vivo determinations for the sunscreen lotions examined.     

基于数值模拟及反分析研究施工因素对渗流特性的影响

通过现场调研大量病险水库大坝防渗加固案例,结合文献介绍,归纳总结了勘察设计及施工阶段可能影响防渗墙防渗效果的诸多因素,并对其可能导致的不良效果进行合理归并分类。基于上述分类,建立简化物理模型,采用Geostudio中seep/w模块开展渗流模拟,评估土石坝防渗墙加固后的防渗效果。最终以某水库防渗加固的效果为例,针对存在质量缺陷、防渗结构形式差异、水位变动引起非稳定渗流等工况进行分析,通过出逸点水力坡降、渗流量等要素评估各工况因素对防渗效果的影响程度,结合浸润线形态开展防渗体防渗效果不良原因初判,并对稳态下不同库水位水平及库水位变动工况进行数值模拟,比较分析其浸润线形态差异,结果显示贯穿缺陷严重削弱了防渗墙防渗效果,不同库水位骤升骤降速率下的浸润线变化与稳态库水位相比在上游出现了"延缓上升"与"延缓下降"现象,通过以上研究为病险水库防渗加固整治提供参考。     

A Study of the Fracture Behavior of Unindirectional Fiber- Reinforced Composite Using Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) Interferometry

The feasibility of using Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) interferometry for studying the fracture behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites is investigated in this paper. First, the solution for the deformation field surrounding the tip of a crack in an orthotropic material is summarized. Specifically, the most singular term in the asymptotic expansion is explicitly presented. Then, the quantities that relate to the CGS measurements are derived in terms of the spatial position, stress intensity factors, and material constants. Based on these results, synthetic CGS fringe patterns are plotted numerically, and the effects of material anisotropy and crack-tip mixity on the shape of CGS fringe pattern are investigated. In addition, a finite difference interpretation of CGS fringes caused by the finite spacing of the CGS diffraction gratings is taken into account in the simulation. Finally, the initiation fracture toughness and the subsequent resistance curve behavior of a particular unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite are measured using the CGS method. The optically measured stress intensity factors compare successfully to values obtained from the load measurements and the available analytical solutions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

装饰壁挂浅谈

装饰壁挂是美化居室一种独特的装饰手段，旨在对其有关基调、题材、形式、选材、色彩、体量等制作过程中的诸多问题作一有益探寻．     

Human display monitoring and failure detection: Control theoretic models and experiments

Two newly developed control theoretic models for human display monitoring and decision making are presented that use the information structure of the well-known optimal control model of human response. Experimental paradigms with six dominant task variables (i.e. number of displayed processes, bandwidths, event probabilities, field of view, process couplings, and failure couplings), deduced from vehicle and process control situations, are the basis for extensive validation studies including eye-movement recordings. The broad coverage of the paradigms and the high degree of data/model correspondence provide the predictive potential for the analysis, design, and evaluation of man-machine systems. The relation of these models to existing prediction schemes is outlined.     

Theoretical consistency test of steam transport properties

The kinetic theory of polyatomic gases is used to test the mutual consistency of the thermal conductivity, viscosity and specific heat of low-pressure steam from 100° to 700°C. No inconsistency exists within the cited tolerances of the skeleton tables recommended by the Sixth International Conference on the Properties of Steam, but there is some basis for suspecting that the high-temperature thermal conductivity values are slightly low. Methods for tightening the consistency bounds are suggested.     

The activation of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) by glycosaminoglycans: influence of the sulfation pattern on the biological activity of FGF-1

Six synthetic heparin-like oligosaccharides have been used to investigate the effect of the oligosaccharide sulfation pattern on the stimulation of acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) induced mitogenesis signaling and the biological significance of FGF-1 trans dimerization in the FGF-1 activation process. It has been found that some molecules with a sulfation pattern that does not contain the internal trisaccharide motif, which has been proposed for high affinity for FGF-1, stimulate FGF-1 more efficiently than those with the structure of the regular region of heparin. In contrast to regular region oligosaccharides, in which the sulfate groups are distributed on both sides of their helical three-dimensional structures, the molecules containing this particular sulfation pattern display the sulfate groups only on one side of the helix. These results and the fact that these oligosaccharides do not promote FGF-1 dimerization according to sedimentation-equilibrium analysis, confirm the importance of negative-charge distribution in the activation process and strongly suggest that FGF dimerization is not a general and absolute requirement for biological activity.     

Model for oxygen transfer in rotating biological contactor

Rotating biological contactor is being widely used for wastewater treatment but there is an apparent lack of knowledge about the rate at which oxygen transfer occurs, in physical and biological system. In this study the transfer of oxygen from air to water by a rotating disc air-liquid contactor in physical system is investigated. The oxygen transfer model suggested by Kim and Molof, Water Sci. Technol. 14 (1982) 569, was modified and the developed model is termed as modified Kim and Molof model. The model was calibrated by using available data in literature and validated by experiments conducted in this study. The effect of significant physical parameters was integrated into a single term and is termed as volume renewal number. The modified Kim and Molof model was compared with the other available models. The coefficient of determination (R(2)) for the modified Kim and Molof model obtained is 0.95 which is much higher than in the other available models. Thereby the model is expected to estimate oxygen transfer more accurately. Further, a simplified linear model between K(L)a and the volume renewal number is proposed. Both modified Kim and Molof and linear model estimate the overall oxygen transfer coefficient (K(L)a) accurately.     

Boundary integral equation method to solve embedded planar crack problems under shear loading

The solution of three-dimensional planar cracks under shear loading are investigated by the boundary integral equation method. A system of two hypersingular integral equations of a three-dimensional elastic solid with an embedded planar crack are given. The solution of the boundary integral equations is succeeded taking into consideration an appropriate Gauss quadrature rule for finite part integrals which is suitable for the numerical treatment of any plane crack without a polygonal contour shape and permit the fast convergence for the results. The stress intensity factors at the crack front are calculated in the case of a circular and an elliptic crack and are compared with the analytical solution.