Investigation of fluidized bed behaviour using electrical capacitance tomography

The temporal and cross-sectional distributions of particles in a 127 mm diameter fluidized bed have been obtained using a new generation, high-speed electrical capacitance tomography. Two planes of eight electrodes were used and mounted at 160 and 660 mm from the gas distributor which was a 3 mm thick porous plastic plate (maximum pore size of 50-70 μ m). 3 mm diameter, nearly-spherical polyethylene granules made up the bed. Experiments at sampling frequencies of 200-2000 cross-sections per second and gas superficial velocities from just below the minimum fluidization to 83% above minimum fluidization velocities were used. The time series of the cross-sectional average void fractions have been examined both directly and in amplitude and frequency space. The last two used probability density functions and power spectral densities. The information gathered shows that the fluidized bed was operating in the slugging mode, which is not surprising given the size of the particles. It has been found that an increase in the excess gas velocity above the minimum fluidization velocity resulted in an increase in the mean void fraction, an increase in the length and velocity of the slug bubbles as well as the bed height, and a slight decrease in the slug frequency. The results are presented in a level of detail suitable for comparison with later numerical simulation.     

基于GIS的地下水位动态相关预测模型

辅助专业人员进行地下水位动态预测,为政府进行地下水资源开发利用和监督管理服务。基于GIS技术,从空间数据库提取水位相关数据系列,利用多元线性回归和逐步回归分析方法,建立地下水位与降水量、开采量、蒸发量之间的回归模型进行数据分析和水位预测,采用克里格插值方法生成水位等值线,实现预测结果的可视化表达。预测评价数据来源于空间数据库,预测结果又以空间数据的形式保存到空间数据库中去,便于进一步利用。模型将地下水位动态相关预测方法与GIS结合起来形成应用型GIS专业模型,可用于单井点或区域地下水位动态预测评价。     

基于灰度共生矩阵和支持向量机的气液两相流流型识别

根据灰度共生矩阵具有较好的纹理表达能力的特性,提出了一种基于图像灰度共生矩阵和支持向量机相结合的气液两相流流型识别的新方法。该方法利用高速摄影系统获取水平管道内气液两相流的流动图像,经过图像处理后,提取图像灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征,进而建立流型图像的灰度共生矩阵纹理特征向量,并以此特征向量作为流型样本对支持向量机进行训练,实现了对流动图像的流型智能化识别。实验结果表明,支持向量机能够快速准确地识别水平管道内的7种典型流型,整体识别率达到100%,每幅流型图像的判别时间约为1.7 s,为流型在线识别提供一种新方法。     

Numerical study of coupled double-diffusive natural convection and radiation in a square cavity filled with A N2–CO2 mixture

The coupling of transient double diffusive convection with radiation is investigated numerically in a square cavity filled with a mixture of N₂ and CO₂. Horizontal temperature and concentration gradients are prescribed and the temporal evolution of the flow has been computed in both aiding and opposing situations. The numerical results show that gas radiation modifies the structure of the velocity and thermal fields and accelerates the convergence to steady state in aiding case, while it favours the generation of instabilities and delays the arrival to a stable solution in opposing one.     

采用全烟气暴露系统测试卷烟主流烟气细胞毒性

基于VITROCELL系统结合中性红摄取试验建立了全烟气暴露细胞毒性测试方法,采用建立的方法测试了加拿大深度(HCI)抽吸条件下国内外29个牌号市售卷烟主流烟气的细胞毒性。结果表明:①建立的全烟气暴露细胞毒性测试方法可以获得良好的烟气细胞毒性剂量-效应关系;②测试结果的变异系数(CV)在25%以内,方法稳定性较好。建立的全烟气暴露实验方法适合于卷烟主流烟气细胞毒性测试。     

Emulation of gas‐liquid flow in packed beds for offshore floating applications using a swell simulation hexapod

A laboratory‐scale packed column was positioned on a six degree of freedom swell simulation hexapod to emulate the hydrodynamics of packed bed scrubbers/reactors onboard offshore floating systems. The bed was instrumented with wire mesh capacitance sensors to measure liquid saturation and velocity fields, flow regime transition, liquid maldistribution, and tracer radial and axial dispersion patterns while robot was subject to sinusoidal translation (sway, heave) and rotation (roll, roll + pitch, yaw) motions at different frequencies. Three metrics were defined to analyze the deviations induced by the various column motions, namely, coefficient of variation and degree of uniformity for liquid saturation fluctuating fields, and effective Péclet number. Nontilting oscillations led to frequency‐independent maldistribution while tilting motions induced swirl/zigzag secondary circulation and prompted nonuniform maldistribution oscillations that deteriorated with decreasing frequencies. Regardless of excited degree of freedom, a qualitative loss of plug‐flow character was observed compared with static vertical beds which worsened as frequencies decreased. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2354–2367, 2015     

Analysis of the stratified / nonstratified transitional boundary in horizontal and slightly inclined condensing flows

A mechanistic model has been developed for determining the stratified boundary for condensing flows in horizontal and slightly inclined tubes. Two formulations, a complete and a simplified version are considered for the equilibrium liquid level. Good agreement is found between the two formulations and generalized results were derived from the simplified version of the model. From these results, the effect of condensation is shown to be equivalent to adding a small upward inclination in adiabatic gas-liquid flow. The predicted transition line is compared with flow-regime data of different fluid properties, tube diameters, and inclinations. The predictions agreed reasonably well with the data.     

DISPERSION OF GAS AND LIQUID IN BUBBLE COLUMNS OF HOMOGENEOUS BUBBLE FLOW REGIME

Mean gas holdup, lateral distribution of gas holdup and axial mixing of gas and liquid were measured in bubble columns of 12 and 19cm i.d. The lateral distribution of gas holdup was strongly dependent on the flow regimes in the column. The axial mixing of liquid in the homogeneous bubble flow regime was much smaller than that in the heterogeneous bubble flow regime, and was not expressed by existing correlations. The axial mixing of liquid in the homogeneous bubble flow and the intermediate flow regime was simulated with a flow model based on the lateral distribution of buoyancy force and the effective viscosity. The axial mixing of gas was larger than that of liquid.     

Flow regime identification in horizontal pneumatic conveying by nonintrusive acoustic emission detection

This work investigated flow regimes identification in horizontal pneumatic conveying from the scope of particle motions based on acoustic emission detection. Results showed that the variation of acoustic energy and acoustic energy fraction could be used to identify the transition between suspension flow and stratified flow. Near the transition point, the acoustic energy was maximum, and the energy fraction of particle-wall collision mutated at high mass fluxes. Furthermore, the fluctuation distribution index (FI) was constructed learning from the concept of polymer molecular weight distribution index, and the “circumferential fluctuation difference (D)” was defined. Based on this, new identification criteria and flow regime diagram were established. In suspension flow, D >0. In stratified flow, D <0. While in slug flow, D ≈ 0. According to these criteria, flow regimes can be identified independently of changing trends of measurement parameters. The universality of above criteria was further verified under different operating conditions.