Biowaste-derived hydroxyapatite reinforced with polyvinyl pyrrolidone/aloevera composite for biomedical applications

The present investigation focuses on the synthesis of crabshell-derived hydroxyapatite (CS-HAP)/ water-soluble synthetic polymer—polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)/aloevera(AV)—a natural biopolymer, as a composite for enhanced mechanical, antibacterial and biocompatible properties. The reinforcement of polymer has a significant function in increasing the mechanical property of the composite, whereas the incorporation of AV improves the antibacterial and biocompatibility. Phase composition, morphology, mechanical property, and hydrophilicity of CS-HAP/PVP/AV biocomposite with different concentrations of PVP and AV were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Vickers microhardness tests, contact angle, respectively. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficiency of the composite is assessed using Escherichia coli (E coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus). The biocompatibility of HOS MG 63 cells on the CS-HAP/PVP/AV composite is evaluated by MTT assay test. The obtained results evidence that the as-synthesized composite have appropriate mechanical, antibacterial and biocompatible properties. Overall, the combination of mechanical property of PVP, antibacterial and biocompatible property of AV in CS-HAP/PVP/AV, makes the composite a potential therapeutic material for various biomedical applications.     

A potential trackable bone filler: Preparation and characterization

This study reported the synthesis of fluorescent hydroxyapatite/alginate/carbon quantum dots (HA/Alg/CQDs) nanocomposites via the co-precipitation technique. The N-doped CQDs as a new class of fluorescent materials were prepared by the citric acid pyrolysis method, with an average size around 4 nm. Physical, chemical, and optical properties of the synthesized nanocomposites were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. The PL spectroscopy data verified the favorable in vitro luminescent emission of the HA/Alg/CQDs nanocomposites in comparison with HA/Alg and HA samples. The XRD patterns of the prepared samples confirmed the formation of crystalline HA in all composites, possessing a Ca/P ratio around 1.5 as obtained by EDX elemental analysis. The FESEM analysis exhibited HA nanoplates that homogeneously distributed throughout the alginate matrix. Therefore, the synthesized nanocomposites could be regarded as potential trackable drug carriers for hard tissue engineering applications.     

胫骨的层状微结构研究

利用扫描电镜对胫骨的微结构进行观察，结果显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的生物层状陶瓷复合材料，其增强相羟基磷灰石在骨中占较大比例，并平行于骨的表面以层状的形式排列。观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成，这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状，也以平行的方式整齐排列。基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征，通过微结构模型分析及实验，研究了这种微结构的最大拔出力。结果表明：羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及层状排列方式增加了其最大拔出力，进而提高了骨的断裂韧性。     

短棒状纳米羟基磷灰石的湿法合成及表征

通过简单湿法合成制备了短棒状纳米羟基石颗粒，粉体在不同的温度下进行了热处理，并用红外光谱、透射电镜及X射线衍射等实验手段对组织、结构及热稳定性进行了表征。研究表明，将适当比例的（NH4）2HPO4和Ca（NO3）2晶体混合、振荡、陈化后提纯、烘干，可制备出长约30－40nm，直径约10－20nm的短棒状纳米羟基灰石颗粒，这种颗粒结构与通常的针状结构相比更接近于人体骨磷灰石（长约40－60nm，宽约20nm）；该颗粒具有较好的热稳定性，600℃以下热处理后，颗粒结构、尺寸和形貌基本不变，分散性较好；900℃热处理后，颗粒明显长大并严重团聚。     

沉淀法制备碳酸羟基磷灰石的影响因素

通过沉淀法制各了高碳酸根(CO32-)含量的纳米碳酸羟基磷灰石(nanosized carbonated hydroxyapatite,CHA).研究了合成温度、初始原料碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)和磷酸氢二铵[(NH4)2HPO4]的摩尔比[n(CO32-)/n(PO43-)]和pH值对CO32-替代的影响.用X射线衍射和透射电镜表征CHA粉体的物相组成和形貌.用碳硫元素分析仪和红外光谱研究了CO32-替代的含量和类型.结果表明:随着合成温度的升高或原料中CO32-浓度的减小,CHA晶粒尺寸和长径比增加;合成CHA中的晶相组成和CO32-含量主要由n(CO32-)/n(PO43-)决定;而CO32-的替代类型则主要取决于n(CO32-)/n(PO43-)和pH值.在高pH值或高n(CO32-)/n(PO43-)的合成条件下,能够获得以B型替代为主的CHA.     

生物陶瓷内部成孔与贯通方式的研究

多孔羟基磷灰石（HA）陶瓷内部结构满足细胞向内部渗透、迁移、粘附和生长的条件。实验探讨了HA陶瓷内部成孔与孔道连结的机理与技术，采用添加制孔剂和固化纤维2种方法制备系列样品，测算了样品气孔率，并对微观结构进行扫描电镜观察，最终确定可人工调控内部结构的HA陶瓷成孔与贯通技术。     

无氟防龋体系浅析

牙膏无氟防龋体系应用的防龋材料主要有纳米级羟基磷灰石（HAP）、免疫球蛋白（IgY）和中药如两面针、厚朴、茶多酚和蜂胶等.纳米级羟基磷灰石可以使脱矿的牙釉质再矿化,提高牙釉质抗龋能力;免疫球蛋白对变形链球菌和牙菌斑的形成有较好的抑制作用.检测试验或临床结果表明,两面针、厚朴、茶多酚和蜂胶等中药对致龋菌和牙菌斑的形成的抑制效果也比较好,这些都可以组成效果比较好的无氟防龋体系.     

多孔羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷的进展

多孔羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷是一种性能优异的人体硬组织修复材料，在植入界面后它具生物降解性，置入体内能逐步参与代谢以至最终与人体骨结合成一体。本文在综合大量国内外文献的基础上，阐述了多孔羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷的性质、研究和发展。     

内部连接的球形多孔羟基磷灰石支架的制备

采用高分子模板,通过注浆成型制备了球形孔结构的羟基磷灰石(hroxyapatite,HA)支架,研究了支架的微观结构、压缩强度和相容性.结果表明:改变工艺参数可以控制高分子模板中球体间胶黏面的大小,控制所制备的HA多孔体孔内连接的尺寸.制备的支架具有开口、均匀而内部连通的多孔结构,当孔径为200μm、孔隙率为65%时,压缩强度可达8MPa左右.体外生物模拟实验表明:多孔结构HA支架有很好的相容性.随多孔球体孔隙率和尺寸的增加,支架的细胞吸收率逐步增加.     

Encapsulation of Hydroxyapatite Microspheres with Fluorapatite Using a Diffusion Process

Modification of hydroxyapatite surfaces can improve the properties of biomedical devices. The objective of this work was to encapsulate hydroxyapatite particles with a fluorapatite layer. A suspension of hydroxyapatite microspheres was prepared in a solution at different pH and treated with ammonium fluoride. pH, calcium, and fluoride were monitored in real time and particles subjected to fluoride analysis. After addition of fluoride, it was found that more material is released from the particle surface at low pH conditions, but leads to a high fluoride uptake from solution. Low solution fluoride levels produce a fluorapatite layer, but higher fluoride levels produce calcium fluoride.