新型螺杆挤出机固体输送理论的研究

介绍了一种嵌套式新型螺杆挤出机。在固体输送段对内螺杆的两种等效情况下固体塞的运动和受力作了深入分析。理论上证明了这两种情况下的固体输送机理与外螺杆的情况相同,均建立在固体摩擦输送机理基础之上;讨论了牵引角、摩擦因数和螺纹升角对上述三种情况固体输送流率的影响。结果表明,螺杆旋转机筒静止和螺杆静止机筒旋转两种情况下固体输送流率相差不大,而螺杆机筒同时旋转情况下的固体输送流率远大于其他两种情况。增大牵引角、降低螺杆表面粗糙度和提高机筒内表面的摩擦因数均有助于提高固体输送流率。螺杆旋转机筒静止和螺杆静止机筒旋转这两种情况下最佳螺旋角均为17°左右,而螺杆机筒同时旋转情况下最佳螺旋角为15°左右。     

Hybrid systems in seawater desalination—practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives

Ever since seawater desalination has been applied on an industrial scale, and particular in the countries of the Arabian Gulf, the application of desalination processes in dual-purpose facilities—water and power—as a hybrid configuration has been discussed in many feasibility investigations and also planning concepts. It is above all the combination of reverse osmosis with thermal processes that has found increasing interest with the aim of ensuring, as economically as possible, uniform water supplies under the specific, greatly varying load conditions in the Gulf countries. Such design concepts for hybrid configurations encompass straightforward structures with a low degree of coupling between membrane and thermal desalination processes, but range up to very complex configurations with strong interconnections on both the water side and thermally, as well as with several desalination processes connected in series or in parallel. Classical hybrid concepts in which the permeate from an RO desalination component is mixed with distillate from thermal desalination have already been implemented in Saudi Arabian dual-purpose plants, like Jeddah and Yanbu-Medina. Although hybrid systems of greater complexity have been addressed in many design studies and publications, up to now none has been brought to fruition. Coming into consideration asthe design basis for determining the capacity shares of the various desalination processes operated in a hybrid configuration are: arrangement of thermal cycle of the power plant component; water/power ratio of the dual-purpose seawater desalination and power plant; provision of undiminished water production of the desalination plant as electricity generation varies; provision of a specified drinking water quality with regard to composition and salt content; combination of all these aspects. Also gaining in importance are concerns of environmental pollution and sustainable development when selecting seawater desalination and power plant configurations, as well as their optimization when considering desalination and electricity generation as a whole. In the practical design of hybrid membrane and thermal systems, aspects come to light, though, that restrict linking of the two systems and joint utilization of facilities, as conceived in studies and conceptual design investigations. This applies both for common utilization of intakes and the use of heated up cooling water from thermal processes as a feed stream for the RO part of the desalination process. Additionally, requirements of drinking water composition, particularly chloride content, TDS and compliance with a specific residual content of boron, influence specifically the design of the membrane process part and its share in the total desalination capacity. Such practical aspects have greatly influenced the design and configuration of the Fujairah hybrid plant for which, from a total desalination capacity of 100 MIGD (454,600 m³/d), the share of 37.5 MIGD (170,500 m³/d) makes its seawater RO plant the biggest currently being constructed anywhere in the world. From the findings of the engineering of this plant and the idea that, by increasing interconnection between the two processes on the water side, it is possible to advance a hybrid configuration of this type with regard to cost optimization in the membrane installation, but also by joint utilization of the intake equipment, perspectives result for applied research efforts over the near and long terms, for example: long-term behavior of membranes at elevated temperatures; tendency for biofouling in membrane process with common utilization of cooling water and brine; influences of such interconnections on the overall availability of the facility. But also for the operation and maintenance organization of such large facilities, consequences can be foreseen for the future development of hybrid plants, particularly for operation management and organisation of the interplay of the different power plant and desalination systems, monitoring of SWRO membrane replacement and cleaning, as well as controlling water quality.     

基于多判据的散乱点云特征点提取算法

为了有效获取散乱点云中的尖锐特征点和边界特征点,提出一种利用多判据融合的特征点提取算法。首先利用一种改进的k-d tree构建点云拓扑,搜索样点的K局部邻域;然后利用法向夹角判定准则、核密度判定准则、场力和判定准则分别求取各个样点局部邻域的三个特征参数,最后通过加权计算特征参数得到每个样点的特征值与全局判定阈值,特征值比阈值大的点即为特征点。实验证明,该算法能有效的获取散乱点云中边沿特征点与尖锐特征点。     

聚苯硫醚/聚四氟乙烯复合材料的研究

制备并研究了PPS/PTFE合金的热行为、力学性能以及摩擦学性能,并对其微观形态进行了观察。实验结果表明,此合金的耐热性能相对于聚苯硫醚纯树脂有明显的提高,而且聚四氟乙烯的加入可以改善聚苯硫醚的力学性能及摩擦磨损性能。     

炭石墨制品抗冲击强度试验方法的研究

概述了炭石墨制品抗冲击强度试验方法的研究过程，并用误差估计理论论证了该方法的科学性和可行性。     

丙烯酸型亲水涂料乳胶粒表面羧基分布的研究

研究了以苯乙烯为核,丙烯酸酯类为壳的核壳乳液,采用丙烯酸为功能性单体,成膜后羧基为极性基团分布在涂膜表面达到亲水目的。讨论了功能单体丙烯酸(AA)在乳胶粒表面的分布情况及其加量对涂膜亲水性的影响,通过电导滴定发现当AA的加入量为3%时,水相中游离的丙烯酸含量为5.57%,聚合物表面的羧基含量为36.11%,涂膜的亲水性达到最佳,水接触角为51.1°。本文还讨论了核壳法和核壳翻转法对乳胶粒表面羧基分布及涂膜亲水性能的影响,两者的电导滴定曲线形状一致,由两个当量点可以计算出水相中游离的丙烯酸含量为1.47%,而乳胶粒表面羧基分布的含量为43.59%,可见,用核壳翻转法合成的乳液,乳胶粒表面羧基分布含量比普通聚合方法合成的乳胶粒表面羧基分布含量高,涂膜亲水性进一步提高,水接触角降低为44.5°。     

钝感炸药在机械撞击下爆炸危险性评价

介绍了用炸药撞击声压级－实验药量曲线评价钝感炸药在机械撞击作用下发生爆炸的危险性的方法和测试结果，并与苏珊试验、滑道试验等测试结果进行了比较和讨论。     

影响氟改性硅丙乳液聚合及其聚合物膜表面特性的因素

采用种子乳液聚合方法制备了阴、阳离子型氟改性硅丙乳液,用红外光谱对聚合物进行了表征,考察了聚合温度、氟改性单体和种子乳液的用量、乳化剂用量和pH值等因素对转化率和聚合物膜与水之间接触角的影响。结果表明,该聚合物中含有聚硅氧烷链段和CF2基团;聚合温度对转化率的影响较显著;在阳离子乳化体系中,当聚硅氧烷种子乳液、含氟丙烯酸酯单体和乳化剂的用量分别为10%、10%和1.1%时,转化率可以达到90%左右,接触角达到104°以上;随着体系pH值的逐渐增大,阳离子型氟改性硅丙乳液的Zeta电位明显降低,但阴离子型乳液的Zeta电位变化较小。     

三峡库区梅溪河河口干支流界面水流特征

通过对三峡库区中部典型支流梅溪河库湾水动力参数及水体温度、浊度数据进行分析,研究水库运行各时期梅溪河河口干支流界面水流特性,探讨其影响因素以及水交换对库湾的影响。结果表明:梅溪河河口双向水流特征明显,在温差异重流、干流惯性作用以及库区水位变动等因素影响下,干支流界面水流强度、进出水体间界面结构及形态在不同运行期有显著差异;由于双向水流结构的存在,尽管梅溪河河口干支流界面净流量较小(多小于100 m~3/s),但是干支流水体的交换量相对显著,介于314.17~535.26 m~3/s之间,可达净流量的4~40倍;在净流量最小的低水位运行期,干流倒灌水体基本能到达支流库湾常年回水区的末端。     

超支化树脂的合成及在聚氨酯涂料中的应用

以超支化聚合物作为基料与脂肪酸等单体合成了超支化树脂,并利用红外光谱,GPC等仪器对超支化树脂进行表征;同时研究了超支化树脂在聚氨酯哑光面漆中的应用,研究表明:实验所制备的超支化树脂虽然消光效果较差,但是采用超支化树脂部分代替商业哑光树脂,可以改善漆膜的透明性及耐冲击性。