Characterization of solar cells by thermal transient testing

The current paper deals with the application of thermal transient testing as a characterization tool for solar modules. Based on the measurement of different samples (concentrator solar cell, single junction silicon solar cell) we prove the applicability of this measurement technique and address some specific issues of the characterization of solar cells by the thermal transient method.From the measurement metrics such as junction-to-base plate thermal resistance and thermal capacitance(s) can be derived and can serve as a basis of a multi domain solar cell model. The used technique also enables us to verify the quality of attachment layers in a solar module allowing fair quality control and reliability analysis of these devices. Finally a method is proposed to regain the data that is covered by the initial electric transient following the power step. This initial electric transient can be high in large surface devices like solar cells, and covers valuable data describing the structure near to the p–n junction. To eliminate this, simulated transients were fitted to the part of the actual measured thermal transient where the electric transient already decayed. This way the part of the thermal transient that was covered by the electric transient can be reconstructed.     

Degradation and chemical change of longlife oils following intensive use in automobile engines

The paper researches the features and quality of longlife oils after the point of being recommended for replacement by the onboard computer. The longlife oils have their service life prolonged to 30 up to 50 thousand kilometres which is being monitored and evaluated by the onboard computer. The onboard computer then, on the basis of several parameters, modifies the interval to optimum value. Kinematic viscosity, TBN, the amount of soot, oxidizing and sulphating products, water, fuel, glycol and high antioxidant presence were measured. The results we obtained from the measurements do not correspond with the conclusions of onboard computers.     

Mechanical behaviour of corroded RC beams strengthened by NSM CFRP rods

Corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete leads to several major defects. Firstly, a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement and in its ductility results in premature bar failure. Secondly, the expansion of the corrosion products causes concrete cracking and steel–concrete bond deterioration and also affects the bending stiffness of the reinforced concrete members, causing a reduction in the overall load-bearing capacity of the reinforced concrete beams. This paper investigates the validity of a repair technique using Near Surface Mounted (NSM) carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) rods to restore the mechanical performance of corrosion-damaged RC beams. In the NSM technique, the CFRP rods are placed inside pre-cut grooves and are bonded to the concrete with epoxy adhesive.Experimental results were obtained on two beams: a corroded beam that had been exposed to natural corrosion for 25 years and a control beam, (both are 3 m long) repaired in bending only. Each beam was repaired with one 6-mm-diameter NSM CFRP rod. The beams were tested in a three-point bending test up to failure. Overall stiffness and crack maps were studied before and after the repair. Ultimate capacity, ductility and failure mode were also reviewed. Finally some comparisons were made between repaired and non-repaired beams in order to assess the effectiveness of the NSM technique. The experimental results showed that the NSM technique improved the overall characteristics (ultimate load capacity and stiffness) of the control and corroded beams and allowed sufficient ductility to be restored to the repaired corroded elements, thus restoring the safety margin, despite the non-classical mode of failure that occurred in the corroded beam, with the separation of the concrete cover due to corrosion products.     

Novel Method to Measure the Creep Strength of Adhesively Bonded Butt Joints Subjected to Constant Loading Using a Hydro-Pneumatic Testing Machine

This article proposes a new method to measure the creep strength of adhesively bonded joints using a hydro-pneumatic testing machine and a specimen holder, on which multi-specimens can be mounted in one testing machine. Creep tests were conducted on stainless steel butt joints bonded with epoxy adhesives. A hydro-pneumatic loading system was introduced to avoid successive failures of multi-specimens as well as to achieve a stable and constant loading through the experiments. Even after a failure occurs in one of the joints and thus generates an impact, the loading system is capable of absorbing the shock so that the other remaining joints do not fail simultaneously. It was experimentally verified that choke valves, which were introduced in the hydraulic circuit of the system, worked as a damper when failure occurred. Additionally, it was established that automatic reloading to the remaining specimens after the failure was short enough compared with the creep rupture time. As this new method relates to the efficiency of creep testing, the utility of the proposed approach with the multi-specimen setup has been verified.     

Modeling test cases for security protocols with SecureMDD

Designing and executing test cases for security-critical protocols is a technically complicated and tedious process. SecureMDD is a model-driven approach that enables development of security-critical applications based on cryptographic protocols. In this paper we introduce a method which combines the model-driven approach used in SecureMDD with the design of functional and security tests. We construct and evaluate new modeling guidelines that allow the modeler to easily define such test cases during the modeling stage. We also implement model transformation routines to generate runnable tests for actual implementation of applications developed with SecureMDD.     

电池检测实验室的安全防护浅析

根据电池的外观、电性能、环境适应性和安全性等检测项目,鉴于部分检测过程中可能存在的火爆炸、漏气漏液、噪声振动、机械和电气等危险,从人员、样品、设备和环境等方面,提出了相应的安全防护要求和建议。     

Cyclic oxidation – guidelines for test standardisation,aimed at the assessment of service behaviour†

Abstract

This paper reviews current procedures used for cyclic oxidation testing and their ability to simulate service behaviour for life time prediction modelling. Test complexity varies from a simple laboratory, slow cycle, furnace test to the use of high velocity dynamic combustion rigs. It is shown that the response of an alloy under cyclic oxidation testing varies, depending on the exact test conditions chosen and the length of test exposure, but for many alloy systems this response has common features. It is proposed that all alloys that are protected by a stable, slow growing oxide scale conform to a common, generic behaviour under cyclic oxidation conditions. This life cycle of such alloys involves first the formation of a stable, protective oxide. At a critical thickness this may start to spall, increasing the rate of scale forming element consumption. When the activity of such elements falls below a critical level, in the near surface region, internal oxidation results together with the formation of less protective scales. Ultimately, it is no longer possible for the alloy to self repair following a thermal cycle and then breakaway corrosion ensures, marking the end of the alloys life.

Thus the choice of cyclic test procedure must be tailored to the particular phase of the alloy life cycle under investigation.     

1000MW水轮机模型转轮叶片应力场测试技术研究

本文研究的主要内容是使用最佳的信号处理系统、数据采集系统、遥感数据发射和接收系统、感应供电系统以及数据处理系统,监测水轮机模型转轮叶片表面应力场变化。模型试验在不同单位转速、导叶开口、试验水头等工况条件下进行,得到了模型转轮叶片应力随着测点位置、导叶开度、试验水头的变化规律。一方面可以在数据趋势上验证理论分析正确性;另一方面可以对叶片表面应力有定量的认识。基于水轮机模型转轮叶片应力场的试验结果,可以建立研究叶片裂纹产生原理和边界条件的理论模型,进而对叶片裂纹产生的理论模型和计算机仿真结果进行修正和验证,为1000MW水轮机稳定性设计提供理论依据和试验依据。