Multivariate analysis of anionic, cationic and nonionic textile surfactant degradation with the H(2)O(2)/UV-C process by using the capabilities of response surface methodology

Anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants being frequently employed in the textile preparation process were subjected to H(2)O(2)/UV-C treatment. As a consequence of the considerable number of parameters affecting the H(2)O(2)/UV-C process, an experimental design methodology was used to mathematically describe and optimize the single and combined influences of the critical process variables treatment time, initial H(2)O(2)concentration and chemical oxygen demand (COD) on parent pollutant (surfactant) as well as organic carbon (COD and total organic carbon (TOC)) removal efficiencies. Multivariate analysis was based on two different photochemical treatment targets; (i) full oxidation/complete treatment of the surfactants or, alternatively, (ii) partial oxidation/pretreatment of the surfactants to comply with the legislative discharge requirements. According to the established polynomial regression models, the process independent variables "treatment time" (exerting a positive effect) and "initial COD content" (exerting a negative effect) played more significant roles in surfactant photodegradation than the process variable "initial H(2)O(2) concentration" under the studied experimental conditions.     

特殊条件下考虑起始比降的双层地基一维固结解析解

假定初始孔压降不小于起始比降,获得了这一条件下考虑起始比降双层地基的一维固结解析解。计算结果表明当固结完成时,由于起始比降的存在,土中的孔隙水压力并不会完全消散,仍存在残余孔隙水压力,其数值与双层地基起始比降的大小有关,且上层土的起始比降对孔压消散速率、最终孔压的大小影响较下层土大;考虑起始比降,地基平均固结度按沉降定...     

码头面层纤维混凝土的抗冲击性能与增韧机理

在C30素水泥混凝土中分别添加聚丙烯纤维、尼龙纤维、钢纤维配制纤维混凝土,进行抗弯曲冲击试验。以初裂次数、终裂次数、冲击韧性评价混凝土抗冲击性能的优劣。试验结果表明:添加钢纤维、聚丙烯纤维、尼龙纤维混凝土的冲击韧性分别是素混凝土冲击韧性的15.1倍、3.4倍、2.7倍。结合冲击破坏断裂特征,分析了纤维混凝土承受冲击载荷作用的几种能量吸收机制,对增韧机理进行了分析。钢纤维、聚丙烯纤维、尼龙纤维混凝土,纤维拔出功消耗能量分别是纤维断裂功消耗能量的25倍、1.72倍、0.93倍。纤维的滑移、拔出、断裂是聚丙烯纤维、尼龙纤维混凝土提高抗冲击性能的主要因素,钢纤维混凝土的抗冲击能力提高幅度最大除了纤维的滑移、拔出因素外,还归功于钢纤维对裂纹面的桥接作用。     

Fracture and physical properties of carbon anodes for the aluminum reduction cell

An experimental study with total 504 specimens has been carried out to investigate the fracture and physical properties of the carbon anode materials. The specimens were sampled from anodes produced with machined stub holes. From normal-and Weibull analysis the fracture toughness and the tensile strength showed a clear temperature dependency and orthotropic behavior. It has been found that both the fracture toughness and tensile strength increases with the temperature and are larger for the specimens directed in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. The variation in the tensile strength within an anode decreased with the temperature but the variation in the fracture strain increased. The tensile strain appears to be only dependent on the temperature and insensitive to the routine anode properties of the anode material. A multivariate linear regression analyses of the fracture toughness and tensile strength has been conducted and a typical correlation of R² = 0.5 (R is the Coefficient of Determination) to the measured routine anode properties was found. The thermal expansion coefficient is also larger in the vertical anode direction which makes the crack initiation more sensitive to temperatures. The orthotropic studies also showed that the air permeability has a tendency to be larger in the horizontal direction in the upper part of the anode which can induce unnecessary burning from the anode sides. The influence of the processing parameters in the paste plant and baking furnace has not been presented in this paper.     

Characterization of transverse tensile, interlaminar shear and interlaminate fracture in CF/EP laminates with 10 wt% and 20 wt% silica nanoparticles in matrix resins

The transverse tensile properties, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fibre/epoxy (CF/EP) laminates with 10 wt% and 20 wt% silica nanoparticles in matrix were investigated, and the influences of silica nanoparticle on those properties of CF/EP laminates were characterized. The transverse tensile properties and mode I interlaminar fracture toughness (G_IC) increased with an increase in nanosilica concentration in the matrix resins. However, ILSS and the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (G_IIC) decreased with increasing nanosilica concentration, especially for the higher nanosilica concentration (20 wt%). The reduced G_IIC value is attributed to two main competing mechanisms; one is the formation of zipper-like pattern associated with matrix microcracks aligned 45° ahead of the crack tip, while the other is the shear failure of matrix. The ratio of G_IIC/G_IC decreased with the concentration of silica nanoparticles, comparable with similar CF/EP laminates with dispersed CNTs in matrix. Fractographic studies showed that interfacial failure between carbon fibre and epoxy resin occurred in the neat epoxy laminate, whereas a combination of interfacial failure and matrix failure occurred in the nanosilica-modified epoxy laminates, especially those with a higher nanosilica concentration (20 wt%).     

Carbon nanofibers enhance the fracture toughness and fatigue performance of a structural epoxy system

This study investigates the monotonic and dynamic fracture characteristics of a discontinuous fiber reinforced polymer matrix. Specifically, small amounts (0-1 wt.%) of a helical-ribbon carbon nanofiber (CNF) were added to an amine cured epoxy system. The resulting nanocomposites were tested to failure in two modes of testing; Mode I fracture toughness and constant amplitude of stress tension-tension fatigue. Fracture toughness testing revealed that adding 0.5 and 1.0 wt.% CNFs to the epoxy matrix enhanced the resistance to fracture by 66% and 78%, respectively. Fatigue testing at 20 MPa peak stress showed a median increase in fatigue life of 180% and 365% over the control by the addition of 0.5 and 1.0 wt.% CNF, respectively. These results clearly demonstrate the addition of small weight fractions of CNFs to significantly enhance the monotonic fracture behavior and long-term fatigue performance of this polymer. A discussion is presented linking the two behaviors indicating their interdependence and reliance upon the stress intensity factor, K.     

The fracture energy of metal fibre reinforced ceramic composites (MFCs)

A model is presented for prediction of the fracture energy of ceramic-matrix composites containing dispersed metallic fibres. It is assumed that the work of fracture comes entirely from pull-out and/or plastic deformation of fibres bridging the crack plane. Comparisons are presented between these predictions and experimental measurements made on a commercially-available composite material of this type, containing stainless steel (304) fibres in a matrix predominantly comprising alumina and alumino-silicate phases. Good agreement is observed, and it’s noted that there is scope for the fracture energy levels to be high (∼20 kJ m⁻²). Higher toughness levels are both predicted and observed for coarser fibres, up to a practical limit for the fibre diameter of the order of 0.5 mm. Other deductions are also made concerning strategies for optimisation of the toughness of this type of material.     

装药结构对药孔爆破初始压力及能量利用率的影响

采用应力波基础理论分析了耦合装药及不耦合装药在炮孔中的爆炸情况,得到了各种情况下装药产生的初始冲击压力的计算公式。对于空气不耦合装药提出了新的计算公式,并通过对比计算验证了它的可行性,分析了装药爆炸的初始能量传递效率,得到了影响初始压力和有效利用率的因素。     

平端板连接半刚性梁柱组合节点的初始转动刚度

在现有研究成果的基础上,推导了柱腹板抗压、抗拉和抗剪刚度;钢筋抗拉刚度;柱翼缘和端板抗弯刚度;混凝土楼板抗压刚度等.在此基础上,利用组件法,推导了组合节点初始转动刚度的计算方法、考虑了组合节点承受正弯矩、负弯矩作用的情况.与试验数据比较表明:该方法具有很好的计算精度.给出的初始刚度计算公式,既适用于按照完全抗剪连接设计...     

相变增韧陶瓷压痕开裂的力学分析

在相变增韧陶瓷中，压痕裂纹形成的原因除了因压痕导致塑性区体积变化产生的残余应力外，还与应力诱发相变导致塑性区体积膨胀而产生的附加应力或称相变应力有关。传统的压痕法和压痕－强度法忽略了相变应力对压痕开裂和试样断裂的贡献，所测得相变增韧陶瓷的断裂韧性数据往往偏低。