Effect of sampling density on the measurement of stream condition indicators in two lowland Australian streams

There is widespread application of indicators to the assessment of environmental condition of streams. These indicators are intended for use by managers in making various comparative and absolute assessments and often have a role in resource allocation and performance assessment. Therefore, the problem of formally defining confidence in the results is important but difficult because the sampling strategies used are commonly based on a compromise between the requirements of statistical rigour and the pragmatic issues of access and resources. It is rare to see this compromise explicitly considered and consequently there is seldom quantification of the uncertainty that could affect the confidence a manager has in an indicator. In this paper, we present a method for quantitatively assessing the tradeoffs between sampling density and uncertainty in meeting various monitoring objectives. Assessments using judgement‐based representative reaches are shown to be unreliable; instead a sampling approach is recommended based on the random selection of measuring sites. A detailed dataset was collected along two streams in Victoria, Australia, and the effect of sampling density was assessed by subsampling from this dataset with precision related to the number of sites assessed per reach length and the intensity of the sampling at each site. The sampling scheme to achieve a given precision is shown to depend on the monitoring objective. In particular, three objectives were considered: (1) making a baseline assessment of current condition; (2) change detection; and (3) detection of a critical threshold in condition. Change detection is shown to be more demanding than assessing baseline condition with additional sampling effort required to achieve the same precision. Sampling to detect a critical threshold depends on nominating acceptable values of Type I and II error and the size of the effect to be detected. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用Tow-Thomas电路设计含有限非零传输零点有源滤波器的方法

Tow-Thomas电路是一种实现全极点滤波器的典型电路。本文给出了用Tow-Thoms电路设计含有限非零传输零点有源滤波器的方法，从而使Tow-Thomas电路可用于单片集成滤波器电路。而文中给出的公式可用于计算外接元件。设计实例表明了文中给出的计算公式的正确性。     

一种动态开关电容运算放大器共模负反馈电路

本文主要介绍了一种应用于Cascode结构运放中的开关电容共模负反馈电路，它具有稳定性好、对运放频率特性影响小、不消耗额外功率等优点。对电路运用Hspice进行了模拟，并给出了模拟结果。     

Time and cost securing in complex large-scale projects

Meeting time and cost objectives in complex projects involves specific problems and risks. An attempt is made to analyse the components of total cost increase of a project caused by time delay. An outline is given as to how these considerations can be used to estimate cost increases in investors' decision situations as well as to ascertain fair contractual penalties and claims for compensation and for the evaluation of justified project acceleration costs.     

过程链管理--用于制定和管理转型组织的工具

在当今企业环境日益复杂而活跃的背景条件下，企业需要不断进行重组和迅速转型。这要求企业要具备更强的适应性和更高的灵活性。为了确保实现这些动态的要求，企业必须制定和实施新型的组织形式。本文介绍过程链管理——一种面向过程进行转型的工具。本文首先简要说明了过程链管理应用的工具、过程链管理的任务和构造。它的出发点是由行动、结构、资源、和指挥所组成的过程链管理。在第二步骤中，重点阐述了客户取向这个过程链管理中最重要的取向量。总体来说，整个价值创造链及与此相关的内部交换关系都具有重要意义。在对过程链管理的方法进行了说明以后，提出了一个应用实例，该实例不仅描述了垂直重构，也对水平重构进行了描述。     

美国钢铁企业的并购浪潮及特点分析

介绍了最近美国大型钢铁企业发生的主要并购活动。并对这些并购活动的特点进行了分析。     

Improving Cost Estimates of Construction Projects Using Phased Cost Factors

Central to cost-based competition is the capability to accurately predict the cost of delivering a project. Most literature on cost estimation focuses on specific estimation methods as generic techniques and little attention has been paid to the unique requirements at each project stage. This note attempts to identify the critical factors for effective estimation at various stages of typical construction projects. Drawing from organization control theory and cost estimating literature, this note develops a theoretical framework that identifies the critical factors for effective cost estimation during each project phase of a conventional construction project. The underlying logic is that as a cost estimating effort progresses, both task programmability and output measurability improve. As a result, control effort will shift from input-oriented control to a combination of output and behavior control.     

Developing Cost Response Models for Company-Level Cost Flow Forecasting of Project-Based Corporations

The difficulty in applying the standard curve (S-curve) and cost-schedule integration (CSI) techniques for company-level cost flow forecasting in a project-based industry is the prerequisite of forecasting future unknown individual projects and contract classifications. By analyzing cost flows at the company level through a pool of macroeconomic and internal financial data, this paper proposes an innovative approach to firm-specific model estimation. First, a series of data transformations introduce linear relationships between cost, macroeconomic, and internal financial variables. Second, multivariate regression analysis is employed for initial model building. Third, for the purposes of model restructuring, a subsequent application of Yule–Walker estimates and incomplete principal component analysis is used. This paper uses a sample of four project-based construction firms to demonstrate model performance. Using this methodology, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values of the forecasting models range from 0.27 to 0.60%. As such, the transformed cost, macroeconomic, internal financial data could strongly predict company-level cost flow forecasting. While converting the predicted cumulative cost data to periodic cost flows, the MAPE values were augmented, ranging from 7.04 to 17.55%, thus, requiring future research.     

Production Equations for Unsteady-State Construction Processes

The production equation called Little’s law has been applied to construction data recently. However, Little’s law was derived for steady-state conditions assuming constant input and output rates and long production runs. Production in construction is inherently temporary, and learning curves and environmental influences often render input and output rates unequal and nonlinear. Starting with a conservation of mass formulation, general equations for work-in-process and cycle time for unsteady-state conditions and limited run production are developed. The motivation behind these equations is to explain common trends in production variables seen on construction projects. Previous studies have shown that when output from a construction production system is drastically increased, a significant upward impact is also seen on cycle time and work-in-process, and this work provides underlying theory and equations to explain these trends. Cycle time and work-in-process equations are presented as functions of time and on average. Data from construction activities are used to show that unsteady-state conditions commonly occur. Reasonable simplifications of the general equations provide guidelines for buffer sizing and resource allocation decisions.     

Pretreatment of Highly Polluted Pharmaceutical Waste Broth by Wet Air Oxidation

The preoxidation of a highly polluted waste pharmaceutical fermentation broth using wet air oxidation (WAO) has been studied as a possible method for the effective removal of organics. The applied (pre)treatment method should enhance the biotreatability of the pharmaceutical fermentation broth in terms of reduced initial toxicity and higher biodegradability. Preliminary experiments in the pilot biological treatment plant were successful only at low organic loads, whereas the system collapses at higher ones. The characterization of the fermentation broth was started by common physicochemical analysis, whereas several bioassays were used to determine its impact on biological treatment plants and the environment. Toxicity prior to and after WAO was determined using the acute Vibrio fischeri test, measurement of inhibition of O2 consumption, and the Daphnia magna acute test. Ready biodegradability of the treated and untreated broth has also been assessed. WAO experiments were accomplished in the 2?L batch reactor at different temperatures (240/280°C) and operating pressures. WAO experiments confirmed reduction of the toxicity toward microorganisms, whereas oxidized wastewater was more toxic to daphnids. Biodegradability of the oxidized broth has also been enhanced. Further work has been focused on designing appropriate combination of WAO and biological processes.