高效节水灌溉工程首部枢纽设计探讨

以宁明县安农水库灌片节水灌溉工程首部设计为例,介绍了高效节水灌溉系统的组成,分析了节水灌溉的特点,指出了首部枢纽设计容易出现的问题,总结了该工程的设计经验。     

干旱区膜下滴灌农田土壤盐分非生育期淋洗和多年动态

膜下滴灌土壤盐分在生育期和非生育期的累积与淋洗,共同决定了土壤的盐碱化趋势,影响着当地农业的可持续发展。为分析长期膜下滴灌土壤盐分多年动态,于2008—2013年在中国西北干旱区的清华大学-库尔勒生态水文实验基地开展了棉田实验,采集和化验了15 000余个土壤样本,结合SHAW模型模拟,探讨了非生育期冬春灌方式的盐分淋洗效果;基于长期连续观测及理论分析,评估了区域盐碱化趋势。结果表明:冬灌和春灌的盐分淋洗作用明显,冬灌盐分淋洗深度大致为60 cm,效果优于春灌。若膜下滴灌条件下综合采用非生育期冬灌或春灌洗盐,在多年尺度上土壤根区盐分不会出现明显累积,土壤盐碱化趋势可以得到控制。     

基于极化雷达的裸露地表土壤水分反演研究

为准确、快速提取大范围裸露地表土壤水分空间分布,以河套平原巴彦淖尔市杭锦后旗陕坝镇灌区土壤水分四极化精细模式雷达监测为例,研究基于RADARSAT-2数据土壤水分提取的技术与方法,选择AIEM模型作为研究区裸露地表土壤水分反演模型的基础,建立适合河套灌区裸露地表土壤水分微波散射的经验模型。应用经验模型对河套灌区地表水分进行反演研究并与实测数据进行相关性分析。结果表明极化组合VV-VH的相关程度高达0.931 1,经验模型能够满足土壤水分监测的需要,优于传统土壤水分分类方法,促进了极化微波遥感在土壤水分监测中的开拓应用。     

Groundwater use in Spain: an overview in light of the EU Water Framework Directive

In semi-arid regions, aquifers provide a series of practical advantages that make them preferential sources of water supply. In Spain, groundwater meets about one-fifth of the total water demand and is used to irrigate over one-third of the total irrigated land. This article examines groundwater use in Spain from the perspective of the EU Water Framework Directive. Analysis of different sector uses suggests that core problems (and solutions) related to groundwater lie in agricultural uses and that the Directive's environmental requirements remain distant from reality on the ground, where economic, political and social reasons prevail on legal obligations set by national and supranational authorities.     

Investing in recovering water for the environment in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin

Irrigated agriculture makes an important contribution to the economy of Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. Competing water demand, recurring drought and climate change have ushered in an era of water policy reform. To recover water for the environment, surface water extraction is capped and investment in irrigation infrastructure is prioritized. This article applies a computable general equilibrium model to evaluate the economic impacts of investment in irrigation in a case study of the Murrumbidgee subcatchment. Results indicate an increase in regional output, income and employment, while at the national level there is a small negative impact resulting from the transfer of resources to the basin and the crowding out of private investment.     

To what end? Drip irrigation and the water–energy–food nexus in Morocco

This article draws on three case studies of drip irrigation adoption in Morocco to consider the water–energy–food nexus concept from a bottom-up perspective. Findings indicate that small farmers' adoption of drip irrigation is conditional, that water and energy efficiency does not necessarily reduce overall consumption, and that adoption of drip irrigation (and policies supporting it) can create winners and losers. The article concludes that, although the water–energy–food WEF nexus concept may offer useful insights, its use in policy formulation should be tempered with caution. Technical options that appear beneficial at the conceptual level can have unintended consequences in practice, and policies focused on issues of scarcity and efficiency may exacerbate other dimensions of poverty and inequality.     

基于农业灌溉需水量计算的黄河三角洲作物结构优化EI北大核心CSCD

为优化黄河三角洲作物结构,以东营市垦利区为例,计算了当地主要作物各生育阶段及整个生育期内的作物需水量、有效降水量以及淋洗需水量,并对不同作物的水分盈亏情况进行了分析。结果表明:作物补充灌溉需水量从小到大依次为玉米、棉花、小麦、水稻;玉米水分亏缺程度最低,应适当增加玉米种植面积或者把冬小麦、夏玉米轮作更换为一年种植两季玉米(春玉米和夏玉米);减少棉花在中、轻度盐碱地的种植面积,对耐盐性较好的棉花改用排水回用或微咸水灌溉;兼用灌溉用水和洗盐用水种植水稻,在经水稻种植改良成轻度盐碱地的土壤上种植玉米和小麦。     

基于SVMs-GA模型的微灌系统管网优化设计

为了优化农业管道输水灌溉中管网的组合方式,提高灌溉效益,节约灌溉成本,在不限定灌溉面积的假设下,以支、毛管的标准段数为决策变量,以系统允许的最大压力差和构成管网的最低管道数目为约束条件,以单位面积的管材成本最低为目标函数建立模型,采用支持向量机耦合遗传算法对模型进行求解,得到满足约束条件和目标函数的不同管径支管的标准段数最优组合。结果表明:当毛管双向铺设时,单位面积的管材成本达到最低,最低值为8 755.7 元/hm²,灌溉面积为24.15 hm²,管网水头差达到系统允许的97.6%~99.7%;与毛管单向铺设相比,每公顷的管材成本降低了6.5%,灌溉面积增加了103%。与已有文献相比,每公顷成本降低了5%,灌溉面积增加了23%。因此支持向量机耦合遗传算法可以较好地优化管网设计,为农业节水灌溉提供了可借鉴的依据。     

凤台县农田灌溉水有效利用系数变化影响因素分析

为提高农田灌溉水有效利用系数,以凤台县实测调查资料为基础,结合当地生产实际,运用首尾测算分析法测算了凤台县2018—2021年农田灌溉水有效利用系数,从水资源条件、灌区总体规模、工程投入和管理措施四个方面对农田灌溉水有效利用系数的影响及变化规律进行了探讨分析。结果表明,持续推进灌区续建配套与节水改造项目、推广节水灌溉技术和加强灌区管理能有效提高凤台县灌溉水利用系数。研究成果对发展节水型灌区、节水型社会具有十分重要的意义,对制定县域节水灌溉规划具有一定参考价值。     

西藏燕麦主要种植区灌溉定额空间分布及影响因素

燕麦为西藏自治区典型牧草之一,由于种植区地域辽阔,灌溉试验结果受限,西藏燕麦主要种植区的灌溉定额尚不明确。本文在西藏燕麦主要种植区内选取28个典型站点进行资料收集,遵循农业气候相似原则进行区域划分,基于水量平衡法揭示了西藏燕麦主要种植区灌溉定额的空间分布特征,并根据统计学原理分析了其影响因素。研究表明:燕麦主要种植区的灌溉定额呈由西藏中部至东部呈现先递增后递减的趋势,50%水文年下的燕麦灌溉定额在56~265 mm之间变化。降雨量是影响研究区内燕麦灌溉定额的主要因素(R²为0.515),ET₀次之(R²为0.152);其它气象因素中,日照时数对研究区燕麦灌溉定额影响较大(R²为0.462),且呈正相关关系;相对湿度对燕麦灌溉定额影响较小。西藏燕麦主要种植区的灌溉定额及其空间分布可为西藏自治区灌溉用水管理提供支撑。