应用在地下工程施工中的新技术（Ⅱ）

为有效保护地面上的生态环境，开发利用地下空间资源并营建新世纪的地下水城，在新的21世纪里将会建造更多的地下工程以满足人们生产生活的各种需要。文中介绍了地下工程施工中采用的逆作法、盾构法、新奥法、沉管隧道、顶管工程和大型沉井施工新技术，供同行们参考应用。     

调节阀流量特性控制分析

介绍了调节阀的流量基本知识，从控制理论的角度，分析了调节阀的理想流量特性、工作流量特性和系统稳定性，指出了在热工领域内应用调节阀时的一些注意事项。     

Life quality index for the estimation of societal willingness-to-pay for safety

The engineering and management of human safety is an important societal objective that includes extensive efforts by governments, both legislative and administrative, to enhance the health and safety of the public. Although the achievement of safety goals depend primarily on individuals and organizations responsible for safety, much support is drawn from expertise in diverse scientific and engineering disciplines. The activities range from structural safety (dams, tunnels, bridges to tall buildings) to safe operation of hazardous industrial installations (energy generation facilities, LNG terminals, petrochemical plants) to transportation systems (airline, rail, car safety) to technologies designed to minimize adverse impacts on the environment. All these activities are crucially concerned with risk: with the likelihood and the probable effects of various measures on life and health. We have developed a unified rationale and a clear basis for effective strategic management of risk across diverse sectors. Safety is an important objective in society but it is not the only one. The allocation of society's resources devoted to safety must be continually appraised in light of competing needs, because there is a limit on the resources that can be expended to extend life. The paper presents the Life Quality Index (LQI) as a tool for the assessment of risk reduction initiatives that would support the public interest and enhance safety and quality of life. The paper provides an intuitive reformulation of the LQI as equivalent to a valid utility function that is consistent with the principles of rational decision analysis. The LQI is further refined to consider the issues of discounting of life years, competing background risks, and population age and mortality distribution. The LQI is applied to quantify the societal willingness-to-pay, which is an acceptable level of public expenditure in exchange for a reduction in the risk of death that results in improved life-quality.     

Thermomechanical stress fields in high-temperature fibrous composites. I: Unidirectional laminates

This two-part paper presents a closed-form procedure for evaluation of estimates of local thermomechanical stress fields in two-phase fibrous composites and laminates. The first part is concerned with a unidirectional elastic laminate subjected to uniform mechanical loads and to uniform changes in temperature. Both phases are assumed to be elastic, with temperature-dependent moduli and expansion coefficients; the solution reflects the influence of thermomechanical interactions. Exact solutions are not possible for any real system, because the local geometry is not known in detail. Instead, estimates of the fields are found from a modified Mori-Tanaka approximation. Examples are presented for two SiC/Ti---Al---Nb composites. Local stresses of interest are found after cooling from fabrication to room temperature. The presence of local yielding, and the influence of coupling terms on the local stress magnitudes are examined. Extension of the results to laminated plates is presented in Part II (Dvorak, G.J., Chen, T. & Teply, J., Composites Science and Technology, 43 (1992) 359–368, this issue).     

宁夏黄河经济及其非均衡协调发展战略

宁夏黄河经济应是宁夏区域经济,发展宁夏黄河经济必须立足于宁夏黄河资源的开发。广义而言,黄河资源基本上是宁夏全部的国土资源.其开发模式应由过去的单一开发、浅层开发向综合开发、深度开发转换。同时要注重以水利建设为突破口,以水利、农业两大基础产业为重点,煤—电—高耗能系列开发、灌溉—农业—轻工业系列开发、教育—人才—信息系列开发三大主导方向并行。发展宁夏黄河经济,应选择具有优势的部门和地区实行重点开发,使其优先增长,以此辐射带动整个区域的发展。     

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本文介绍了运用地表岩石吸附烃法指示四川浅层油气藏,发现吸附烃异常与油气井产能有良好吻合性,反映了地下裂缝系统和油气聚集的分布。并对实验条件、各种可能的影响因素及一些基础理论问题进行了实验分析和讨论。     

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本文根据四川天然气产能建设多年的实践,分析了产能建设的特点和存在问题,着重强调了当前搞好产能建设应注意的几个问题,供决策和工作参考。     

注水开发油田砂砾岩储层含油饱和度解释模型

本文利用常规测井资料,结合储层岩性、物性、含油性之间的地质规律,解决了储层岩石粒度变化及水淹层混合水电阻率变化对储层电阻率的影响;研究出了一种对电阻率测井资料标准化的校正方法;建立了储层原始、剩余、残余油饱和度解释模型。计算的储层原始、剩余、残余油地质储量,经生产验证相对下误差小于10％;计算产水率,试油验证平均绝对误差小于10％;划分水淹油层等级,试油验证符合率在80％以上。     

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本文提出了凹型压力恢复曲线的一阶导数图版和二阶导数图版。综合使用这两种导数图版,提高了匹配的精度,使匹配结果准确。无量纲起始压力梯度D很难确定。本文提出的两种导数图版综合匹配法能准确确定D值,是致密储层动态评价的有效工具。