亚洲国家对可持续发展水稻灌溉的新认识

对亚洲国家近些年来多次召开的国际水稻会议进行了述评.着重指出水稻灌溉系统的多功能作用,从社会和文化观点、水文循环观点,以及生态和生物观点等三个方面进行了讨论.强调水稻灌溉系统对改善生态和保护环境方面的经济和社会效益巨大,需要对其重新认识和评估,并对投资费用进行合理分摊.最后,对调整我国农业结构,提高稻米质量,加强稻米国际市场竞争力和保护环境等提出若干建议.     

Integrated Water Resources Management in Polrud Irrigation System

Water is needed in all aspects of life and is vital to its social, economical and environmental dimensions. Having a key role in sustainable development, water management requires an integrated approach. Irrigation Water shortage promotes the development of innovative management and supply enhancement models. Effective water management requires a comprehensive consideration of all related aspects, e.g., technical, social, environmental, institutional, political and financial. Then the conventional methods of cost-benefit analysis and single-objective models have changed to multi-objective models. The rising of population in Iran puts significant pressure on authorities and infrastructures to provide water. Without improvement in water management, Irrigation demand will continue to increase, water supplies will diminish and the population pressure will decay infrastructure. This paper describes compromise programming to solve multi-criteria decision making in irrigation planning for Polrud project in the North of Iran. The important objectives of project are: regulation of reliable water at the demand time, improving rice and tea production, domestic water supply, environmental needs as well as reducing social conflicts. After execution of the model, results show the optimum decision for crops pattern and extents of allocated water to each area. This study is a successful implementation of IWRM in irrigation planning.     

郑家河水库除险加固工程大坝防渗形式的分析确定

郑家河水库是一座以灌溉为主的 等中型水库,建成以来一直未能正常蓄水,本文主要从大坝加固方面对防渗方案及采取的处理措施加以分析论证。     

Mathematical model for design of border irrigation

A mathematical model based on the complete hydrodynamic equations of open-channel flow is developed for simulation of a complete irrigation in a border irrigation system. An explicit two-step numerical scheme has been employed for the solution of the flow equations. The total infiltrated water depth at each location along the border is determined. From this intermediate result three performance parameters, expressing the merits of the irrigation as affected by the magnitude of each of the various independent physical or management variables involved in the process, are evaluated. Through an analysis of these effects the selection of the proper size or magnitude of certain of the main affecting parameters becomes possible and thus an optimum combination of the main design or operation parameters in a border irrigation system can be obtained. An example of the proposed technique is included.     

污水灌溉系统中氮素转化运移的数值模拟分析

本文研究了不同类型氮素在二维饱和-非饱和土壤中运动及转化的数学模型,概化和简化了氮素集合体的划分,给出了氮素转化和运移的对流、弥散、硝化、反硝化、挥发、作物吸收、深层渗漏、固持和矿化等转化运移方式和控制方程。通过野外两个灌溉季节的污水灌溉试验,利用第一灌溉季节的试验数据进行参数求解,利用第二个灌溉季节的数据对该数值模型的实际应用进行检验。数值模拟的内容包括地下水位,排水中铵态氮、硝态氮的浓度变化三个部分,研究结果表明,模型正确可靠,预测结果可信,可用于实际污水灌溉的模拟分析。     

大柳树灌区作为国家商品粮后备基地可行性研究

论证了大柳树水利枢纽周边灌区作为国家商品粮后备基地的需求与可行性.通过对土地资源潜力、开发前景和未来水土资源匹配态势的系统分析,以及其周边区域对粮食的需求的探讨,认为在大柳树水利枢纽工程和南水北调工程建成后,可以保证新增的(150～200)×103hm2粮食播种面积自流和低扬程灌溉的水源,从而满足增产100×104t以上粮食的目的.     

Soil Hydraulic Properties Affecting Discharge Uniformity of Gravity-Fed Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems

The use of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is increasing for many reasons, including its many agronomic advantages and the ability for safe application of wastewater to crops. In contrast to surface drip irrigation, soil hydraulic properties may affect SDI performance, particularly for new SDI systems designed to operate under low pressure (e.g., 2?m of head). This work introduces a new approach for solving problems of predicting discharge in SDI laterals. We accomplish this by coupling models of head loss in laterals and soil impacts on dripper discharge. The coupled model enables an evaluation of the performance of SDI laterals while changing inputs, such as the lateral diameter, length and slope, dripper nominal discharge and exponent, inlet pressure head, soil hydraulic properties, and soil spatial variability. This model is used to determine the coefficient of variation of discharge for two numerical comparisons.     

大型超长钢筋混凝土屋顶水池的施工工艺

本文重点叙述了如何在施工中采取措施 ,以防止超规范设计的屋顶水池因过大降温差引起的收缩裂缝 ,保证屋顶水池的抗裂防渗 ,取得了预期的效果。     

How to improve water governance in multifunctional irrigation systems? Balancing stakeholder engagement in hydrosocial territories

Abstract

The aim of this article is to conduct an evidence-based analysis of stakeholder engagement in decision-making processes affecting multifunctional irrigation systems. The selection of case studies has allowed us to examine different tools that promote stakeholder engagement and good governance. The case studies show how stakeholder engagement in irrigation systems shapes hydrosocial territories: (1) by reducing tension between stakeholders, (2) by redirecting regional planning and strategy, (3) by highlighting water crises, (4) by decentralizing water responsibilities, and (5) by integrating values and beliefs from different stakeholders.     

稻草制浆造纸废水灌溉对芦苇生长影响的研究

通过稻草制浆造纸废水灌溉桶栽芦苇的试验,芦苇生长良好,增产效果显著.芦苇对造纸废水的适应能力较强,COD.达4000mg/L的废水也可用于灌溉,但采用地下茎移栽的,初期宜用清水灌溉,2个月后再实行污水灌溉.