Economic Benefits of Reservoirs in the Irrigated Agriculture

Abstract

In the Jordan Valley of Jordan, the demand for water and ability to control its location, timing, quality, and quantity are becoming critical. The competition for water between the urban and agricultural sectors is increasing. There is a general trend in Jordan to reduce water allocated for agricultural use. Increasing the price of irrigation water or restricting the planted areas of water consuming crops, such as bananas, has been implemented during the recent growing season. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the impact of optimal allocation of irrigation water by building storage capacity on the economy of Jordan Valley. A linear programming technique is used, and the main results show that for proper management of water storage capacity, the suggested cropping pattern would generate $88.2 million, whereas the actual cropping pattern generated $74.4 million. The optimal water demand schedule is distributed according to the needs of the planted crops, and water demand has been allocated in an efficient way. In addition, appropriate management of storage capacity has solved the problem of water scarcity during the summer months, when peak production takes place. Storage-transfer system between locations played a significant role in reallocating irrigation water through the storage system. This compensates to a high degree in keeping the agricultural production more stable in physical and monetary units.     

Irrigation infrastructure development in the Limarí Basin in Central Chile: implications for adaptation to climate variability and climate change

One option to deal with climate variability in agriculture is to build irrigation infrastructure, although this may lead to the overdevelopment of water resources, leading to ‘basin closure’. The Limarí Basin, in central north Chile, has relied on irrigation infrastructure over the last 30 years to increase water supply reliability and extend irrigated acreage, especially for permanent crops. This situation has reduced adaptation opportunities in the basin, which is currently experiencing a severe drought that, according to climate change projections, is expected to persist in the future, with important consequences for the sustainability of agriculture production.     

Water productivity and water footprint: misguided concepts or useful tools in water management and policy?

Water productivity (WP) and water footprint (WFP) are popular concepts in research and discourses on water management. Yet there are concerns about their theoretical validity and practical value. This paper shows that the water production function, the concept with a sound theoretical foundation, is the basis for WP. Total WFP is the reciprocal of WP. The practical value of WP and WFP depends on the context of water use and stress. Maximizing WP, not a panacea to all water problems, mainly suits arid rainfed areas. In other regions, economic and marginal WP for increasing overall production should take precedence in water management and policy decisions.     

一维畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型Ⅰ：建模

畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型可从物理机制上综合模拟地面灌溉过程中地表水与土壤水系统之间的互动关系,为开展区域尺度地面灌溉系统性能评价提供了基础工具.利用二阶时空离散精度的混合数值解法求解一维全水动力学模型,建立了一维畦灌地表水流运动模型,并利用二阶时间离散精度有限差分法和构建的四阶空间离散精度有限体积法解算一维土壤水动力学模型.同时,以地表水和土壤水质量守恒方程交替迭代计算的地表水深收敛值为基础,利用动量守恒方程获得地表水流速场,实现了地表水-土壤水系统间的有效迭代耦合,构建起基于数值解法和迭代耦合模式同步改进的一维畦灌地表水流-土壤水动力学耦合模型.     

干旱区膜下滴灌定向排盐和盐分上移地表排模式研究

干旱农业区采用覆膜滴灌技术,在无覆膜的膜间裸露区内设置排盐浅沟,探讨不同灌水定额和不同排盐梯度条件下,覆膜滴灌土壤盐分定向运移和盐分上移地表排盐效果.研究结果表明,膜下滴灌定向排盐效果明显,滴头附近形成盐分淡化区域,排盐沟周边形成盐分集中区域.地表以下0~60cm平均土壤盐分普遍呈现膜下的盐分低于膜外,而膜外裸露区积盐作用显著的特点.灌溉用水量愈大,排盐作用愈强烈,相应的积盐数量也愈大.通过农田排盐沟灌水冲洗后的地表排水矿化度随时间呈减小趋势,排盐梯度最小的试验小区冲洗排盐量最大.总体来说,在排盐沟冲洗定额1515m3/hm2条件下,各小区总排盐量达到4521~6351kg/hm2,表明盐分上移地表排的脱盐效果显著.     

我国节水灌溉利益相关者关系分析

节水灌溉是一项涉及国家、地方、部门、个人之间利益全面调整的综合系统工程,也是一个涉及政府、主管部门、水管单位、用水户等多个利益主体的复杂多重博弈过程。运用马克思主义历史唯物观,分析了我国节水灌溉过程中机构、团体或个人之间的利益关系,从多元动态博弈的视角对节水灌溉利益相关者的博弈行为与博弈结果进行分析,论证了只有充分考虑各利益相关者的利益诉求,引导、激励和规范节水灌溉行为,用水户实施节水灌溉行为,政府、主管部门、水管单位和用水户才能同时获得最大收益,达到不同利益者共赢多赢的目的。     

全国节水增效示范项目不同节水模式效果分析

自1996年到2008年底中央已在全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）及新疆生产建设兵团完成了2000个节水灌溉增效示范区建设,对农业节水灌溉持续发展起到了良好的示范作用,根据示范项目的特点,通过调研分析总结了不同节水模式所产生的效益、效果及对灌溉的影响。     

水量监控调度信息化系统设计

针对甘肃省张掖市某灌区早期水量监测信息系统的缺陷和不完善性,设计了一套水量监控调度信息化系统。以先进的电子信息技术、网络技术、图像处理等技术为依托,对灌区的灌溉工程设施进行远程控制操作,实时监测各相关工程设施的运行状况,保证了整个系统的实时性和可靠性,达到了节水灌溉的目的。     

混凝土材料的SHPB实验技术研究

为提高混凝土材料的SHPB实验结果的精度和可比性,结合混凝土的实验过程,对波导杆的弥散效应、试件内应力应变均匀性和试件的径向惯性效应进行了研究。研究结果表明：一维应力波假定和均匀性假定基本满足,混凝土试件是否有足够时间使应力应变达到均匀,取决于混凝土试件的最大应变值和应变率;实验中采用脉冲整形技术和恒应变率实验技术,并选用三波公式处理实验数据,可以增大混凝土的有效承载时间,减小试件惯性效应对实验结果的影响;当应变率接近或大于104时,需要考虑试件的径向惯性效应。     

层状土壤条件下地下滴灌水氮运移模型及应用

基于土壤水分运动的动力学方程和溶质运移的对流-弥散方程,考虑地下滴灌灌水器流量随时间的变化,建立了层状土壤地下滴灌施用硝酸铵(NH4NO3)条件下水氮运移的数学模型。利用均质砂土(S)、均质壤土(L)、上砂下壤(SL)和砂土夹层(LSL)四种土壤的试验数据对模型进行了验证。结果指出,考虑土壤中灌水器流量随时间变化可稍改善土壤含水率和硝态氮的模拟精度。利用验证后的数学模型研究了灌水器流量(1.1、1.75和2.6L/h)、灌水器与犁底层相对位置对地下滴灌水氮分布的影响,模拟结果表明灌水器流量对含水率分布的影响不明显,但灌水器流量的增大可明显增加20~40cm土层硝态氮含量;灌水器与犁底层相对位置对水氮分布影响显著,灌水器位于犁底层中(埋深25cm)土壤表层干土层较薄、水氮向下运移深度较小,有利于减小土壤蒸发和避免水氮淋失。