Adhesive Bonding to Galvanized Steel: II. Substrate Chemistry, Morphology and Bond Failure Analysis

Galvanized substrate morphology, oxide layer chemistry, bond failure modes, failure loci, and bondline corrosion have been investigated for adhesive bonds to galvanized steel. Significant differences in surface morphology were observed between the relatively smooth surfaces of “hot-dipped” substrates and the considerably rougher texture of “electroplated” substrates. The hot-dipped substrates were also chemically heterogeneous, with significant amounts of Al, Mg, Ca, and Pb, in addition to Zn, constituting the surface layer. For electroplated substrates, on the other hand, Zn was the major constituent. It was concluded that, for a given adhesive, low strengths and poor bond durability generally correlated with the minimum surface roughness and maximum chemical heterogeneity of the hot-dipped substrates. Higher strengths, and better durability, on the other hand, were observed for electroplated substrates, which showed the greater roughness, as well as chemically the more uniform surface.

Significantly, ESCA spectroscopy of fracture surfaces of unaged samples established that failure loci for both one and two-part epoxy adhesives included the oxide layer of the substrate. This was true for both hot-dipped, as well as electroplated substrates. For aged samples, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of failure surface identified zinc-based corrosion products present in the original bond area.     

新疆博斯腾湖入湖水量变化及其对湖水位的影响分析

根据博斯腾湖1956-2008年实测水位、入湖水量资料,分析了入湖水量与博斯腾湖水位变化关系,采用相关方法计算了博斯腾湖汛期设计入湖水量,并指出博斯腾湖水位的变化主要影响因素为汛期入湖水量,并不是短历时场次洪水,以此为计算基础,得出结论:博斯腾湖最大输水能力下,100年一遇洪水位为1048.6 m,50年一遇洪水位1 048.47 m,可为博斯腾湖水量调度、东、西泵站等输水工程的运行管理提供一定的参考价值。     

基于响应面法的激光熔覆3540Fe涂层形貌及质量预测研究

目的 实现激光熔覆3540Fe合金涂层几何形貌的精确控制。方法 基于响应面法设计了在不同的激光工艺参数下42CrMo钢表面激光熔覆3540Fe合金的试验,以激光功率、光斑直径、扫描速度为影响因素,熔覆层宽度、高度、熔池深度、熔覆层宽高比、显微硬度以及稀释率为响应目标,建立了熔覆层形貌的预测模型,以熔覆层显微硬度、宽高比作为优化条件对预测模型进行了实验验证。结果 激光功率与熔池深度和熔覆层稀释率成正比,熔覆层宽度、高度、宽高比随激光功率的增大表现为先升高后降低,熔覆层显微硬度与激光功率的关系呈负相关。扫描速度与熔覆层宽度、高度呈负相关性,与熔覆层宽高比、显微硬度成正比,对熔池深度和熔覆层稀释率的影响并不显著。光斑直径与熔池深度和稀释率呈负相关性,熔覆层高度随光斑直径的增大表现为先增大后减小,而宽高比表现为先减小后增大的趋势,光斑直径对熔覆层显微硬度的影响并不显著。通过对预测模型进行实验验证发现,宽高比、稀释率、显微硬度的误差分别为7.14%、5.70%、2.74%。结论 利用响应面法建立的3540Fe合金熔覆层形貌预测模型精确程度较高,能够实现对3540Fe合金熔覆层几何形貌的准确预测,...     

偏振激光诱导的薄膜表面周期性自组织结构

本文研究了激光诱导的周期性表面结构(LIPSS)在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)薄膜表面的形成过程。在导电玻璃衬底上制备得到PMMA薄膜,经p偏振的XeCl准分子激光照射后形成周期性的褶皱结构。用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察发现,形成的褶皱结构周期具有纳米量级,且当引入外加电场时,褶皱形成所需的激光脉冲数减少到2。当外加电压增加到30V时,褶皱的周期间隔明显减小,LIPSS变得不可控,出现了柱状的自组织结构。与直接用准分子激光照射的薄膜样品相比,外加辅助电压的引入改变了PMMA样品表面褶皱结构形成的时间和周期大小,褶皱形成的内部驱动力也发生了变化。     

长江中游四大家鱼产卵场河段形态与水流特性研究

为了研究长江中游四大家鱼产卵所需的水流环境,采用数值模拟的方法对产卵河段的形态特征和水流特性进行了量化分析.通过统计和对比研究了4类产卵河段的能量坡降、水流流态、动能梯度、能量损失和弗劳德数等水力特性,分析了水力要素在典型断面上的分布特点.研究结果表明:四大家鱼产卵的河床形态比较特殊,能量坡降具有明显的2维特性;水流流态复杂多样;水流流经产卵河段后能量损失较大;河段横断面上的动能梯度和弗劳德数数值较小.以期为四大家鱼产卵场水流环境的保护提供理论基础和技术参考.     

Structural and Mechanical Properties Changes of Ethylene‐α‐olefin Copolymer Blends Induced by Thermal Treatments and Composition

Summary: Blends of single‐site catalysed ethylene‐α‐butene (C₄VLDPE) and ethylene‐α‐octene (C₈VLDPE) copolymers were prepared by melt extrusion. The phase morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of the blends have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile test and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Depending on the composition and thermal history, significant differences in structure and behaviour were found. It was also found that some degree of co‐crystallization occurred for quenched blends; whereas most of the oven slowly cooled blends showed two well‐defined melting peaks, indicating that the slow cooling favoured partial segregation of the fractions with different degrees of branching to form two morphologies. Moreover, SEM revealed morphology of the thinner crystals distributed in‐between the thicker sheaf‐like crystals for the slowly cooled blends with 20–50% C₈VLDPE. Therefore, the synergism in mechanical properties for the blends with 20–50% C₈VLDPE is due to a combination of larger crystal size, more complete phase separation and interfacial interaction produced by the segregation effect of the slow cooling treatment. DMA studies showed that the storage modulus increased as the addition of C₈VLDPE and modulus for the slowly cooled blends are about twice those measured for the quenched ones, indicating higher stiffness of the blends. The smooth shift of β relaxation temperature with addition of C₈VLDPE for both sets of blends confirmed the miscibility in the amorphous phase.

SEM image of the C₄VLDPE‐C₈VLDPE (50/50) blend after oven slow cooling treatment.     

Grasses for biofuels: A low water-use alternative for cold desert agriculture?

In arid regions, reductions in the amount of available agricultural water are fueling interest in alternative, low water-use crops. Perennial grasses have potential as low water-use biofuel crops. However, little is known about which perennial grasses can produce high quantity, high quality yields with low irrigation on formerly high-input agricultural fields in arid regions. We monitored biomass production, weed resistance, rooting depth, and root architecture of nine perennial grasses under multiple irrigation treatments in western Nevada. Under a low irrigation treatment (71 ± 9 cm irrigation water annually), cool-season grasses produced more biomass and were more weed-resistant than warm-season grasses. With additional irrigation (120 ± 12 cm water annually), warm- and cool-season grasses had similar biomass production, but cool-season species remained more weed-resistant. Among species within each grass type, we observed high variability in performance. Two cool-season species (Elytrigia elongata and Leymus cinereus) and one warm-season species (Bothriochloa ischaemum) performed better than the other tested species. Root depth was not correlated with biomass production, but species with deeper roots had fewer weeds. Abundance of fine roots (but not large roots) was correlated with increased biomass and fewer weeds. Both L. cinereus and E. elongata had deep root systems dominated by fine roots, while B. ischaemum had many fine roots in shallow soil but few roots in deeper soil. Cool-season grasses (particularly E. elongata, L. cinereus, and other species with abundant fine roots) may be worthy of further attention as potential biofuel crops for cold desert agriculture.     

The Effect of Particle Morphology on the Physical Stability of Pharmaceutical Powder Mixtures: The Effect of Surface Roughness of the Carrier on the Stability of Ordered Mixtures

The effect of particle morphology of the components on the physical stability of ordered mixtures was determined for a model system comprised of a mixture of micronized aspirin and a monodisperse carrier. Spray-dried lactose, crystallized lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, and dextrate were used as carriers. The surface texture of the carriers was quantified in terms of the ratio of the perimeter of the particles to that of an idealized shape at a constant magnification. Mixtures containing highly textured carriers segregated to a lesser extent than those containing smoother textured carriers. This was postulated to be due to the presence of a higher concentration of surface asperities on the coarse carriers that can constitute potentially strong adhesion sites for the fine component because of their higher energy relative to adjacent areas on the surface. The effect of the addition of a ternary component, magnesium stearate, on the stability of the above mixtures was studied. The observed differences in the segregation response were attributed to electrostatic charge effects.