土地调查中道路用地调绘有关问题探讨

航摄影像的形状、大小、色调、阴影及位置关系是物体的判读特征,在进行土地调查的影像判读和外业调绘中,道路的调绘应该包括道路的整个用地范围,不要忽略了挖方边坡一侧的用地;对耕地中的道路和田坎,主要是看其是否以通行为主来区别,不是以通行为主的不应调绘成农村道路;果园内部主要用于作业需要的小路或通道不必调绘.     

我国失地农民社会保障制度问题

近年来,随着我国城镇化、工业化进程加快,大量农村集体土地被征用,由此带来的是失地农民的数量不断增加。土地对农民而言,具有生产资料和社会保障双重功能,农民一旦失去土地立即成为种田无地、就业无岗、社保无份的"三无"人群,生活陷入困境,成为一个新的弱势群体。因此,如何保护失地农民的合法权益,解决失地农民社会保障的后顾之忧,就成为当前迫切需要解决的一个经济问题和关乎社会稳定和改革发展大局的社会问题。     

Crop residue,manure and fertilizer in dryland maize under reduced tillage in northern China: I grain yields and nutrient use efficiencies

The rapidly increasing population and associated quest for food and feed in China has led to increased soil cultivation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, and as a consequence to increased wind erosion and unbalanced crop nutrition. In the study presented here, we explored the long-term effects of various combinations of maize stover, cattle manure and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer applications on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutrient and water use efficiencies under reduced tillage practices. In a companion paper, we present the effects on nutrient balances and soil fertility characteristics. The ongoing factorial field trial was conducted at Shouyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in northern China from 1993 onwards. The incomplete, determinant-optimal design comprised 12 treatments, including a control treatment, in duplicate. Grain yields and N, P, and potassium (K) uptakes and N, P and K use efficiencies were greatly influenced by the amount of rain during the growing season (GSR), and by soil water at sowing (SWS). There were highly significant interactions between GSR and added stover and manure, expressed in complex annual variations in grain yield and N, P and K use efficiencies. Annual mean grain yields ranged from 3,000 kg ha⁻¹ to 10,000 kg ha⁻¹ and treatment mean yields from 4,500 kg ha⁻¹ to 7,000 kg ha⁻¹. Balanced combination of stover (3,000–6,000 kg), manure (1,500–6,000 kg) and N fertilizer (105 kg) gave the highest yield. Stover and manure were important for supplying K, but the effects differed greatly between years. Overall mean N recovery efficiency (NRE) ranged from 28% to 54%, depending on N source. NRE in wet years ranged from 50% to 90%. In conclusion, balanced combinations of stover, manure and NP fertilizer gave the highest yield and NRE. Reduced tillage with adding stover and manure in autumn prior to ploughing is effective in minimizing labor requirement and wind erosion. The potentials of split applications of N fertilizer, targeted to the need of the growing crop (response farming), should be explored to further increase the N use efficiency.     

梅溪流域城镇化进程对山前平原区洪涝过程的影响

为探究城镇化进程引起土地利用类型变化对山前平原区洪涝过程的影响,以梅溪流域下游平原区的洪濑镇为例,分析了2002—2018年梅溪流域上游山区和下游平原区的土地利用类型变化,并基于多情景数值模拟,研究了流域尺度内土地利用类型变化对山前平原区洪涝过程和地表淹没状况的影响。结果表明：随着梅溪流域耕地和林地面积减少、城镇建设用地增加,上游山区的径流系数和峰值流量均增大,下游山前平原区的淹没状况更加严重;上游山区的城镇建设用地增加使山区骤发洪水峰值流量增大、峰现时间提前,主要影响地表平均最大淹没水深和平均峰现时间;下游平原区的城镇建设用地增加使内涝发生的时间提前,主要影响地表平均淹没历时。     

Among-site variability in environmental and management characteristics: Effect on nutrient loss in agricultural tile drainage

Water quality issues, including harmful and nuisance algal blooms (HNABs), related to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) exported from agricultural lands persist in the Great Lakes region. Previous work examining N and P loss from agricultural fields in portions of the United States (US) and Canada (CA) that drain into Lake Erie, consistently indicate significant nutrient loss from fields in Indiana and Ohio, US compared with those in southwestern Ontario, CA. The primary objective of this study was to examine variation in environmental and management characteristics from 30 sites (US: n = 28, CA: n = 2) located within the Lake Erie Basin and subsequently determine the influence of among-site variation on edge-of-field N and P losses. Using principal component analyses (PCA), we found that among-site variation was predominantly controlled by broad-scale patterns in fertilizer management practices and soil properties; however, N and P loss metrics were largely unexplained by these gradients. As such, fine-scale variability and the interaction of environmental and management characteristics at individual sites more strongly influenced N and P loss. Ultimately, these results further emphasize the importance of site- and nutrient-specific management plans that are needed to mitigate N and P losses from agricultural fields.     

长江经济带农业水资源利用效率时空差异分析

长江经济带水资源总量充沛,但人均水资源量以及单位面积耕地占有量处于较低水平;农业用水量超过供水总量的50%,而农业水资源利用效率低。研究长江经济带农业水资源利用效率对保护长江具有重要的现实意义。基于Malmquist-Panel Data两阶段模型,对长江经济带农业水资源利用效率的时空差异特征及其影响因素进行了分析研究。分析结果表明:经济发展水平、第一产业固定资产投资额、水资源禀赋、节水农业发展水平、"长江经济带"国家战略的实施、区域变量以及部分时间变量等对农业水资源利用效率具有显著的正向影响,而种植结构即粮食播种面积占比则有着显著的负向影响;长江经济带农业水资源利用效率时空差异特征明显。因此,对于长江经济带,应因地制宜、合理规划农作物种植结构;同时,加强地区间的技术交流与合作,实现长江经济带整体发展与各区域特色发展协同共进。     

1980～2015年长江流域土地利用变化分析

基于长江流域1980,1990,1995,2000,2005,2010,2015年7期土地利用数据,通过土地利用转移矩阵以及多种指标,分析了1980~2015年间长江流域土地利用的时空变化过程。研究表明：近35 a来耕地和草地呈下降趋势,而林地、水域和城乡用地面积明显增加,未利用地总体呈下降趋势;随着时间的推移,各地类的变化形式由以交换变化量为主导转变为以净变化量为主导,说明各地类逐渐倾向于在原有空间位置发生面积变化,而不是在流域内发生空间位置转移;长江流域土地利用综合动态度从大到小排列依次是1990~1995年、1980~1990年、2005~2010年、1995~2000年、2000~2005年、2010~2015年。1980~1990年和1990~1995年这两个时期的综合土地利用综合动态度明显大于其他各时期,即这两个时期长江流域土地利用变化程度最为剧烈。     

城市建设强度与热岛的相关性——以重庆市开州区为例

城市建设强度是城市热岛形成与演变的主要驱动因素,为了揭示两者之间的量化关系,以重庆市开州区为例,在用地地块、规则网格和建筑斑块3个空间尺度上,使用ArcGIS提取地表温度（LST）与建设强度指标,利用SPSS分析其相关性并构建多元回归模型。结果表明：用地地块尺度上,LST与绿化率、建筑密度和容积率之间均呈现显著的负相关,与建筑底面积和总建筑面积之间均呈现显著的正相关。规则网格尺度序列上,LST与建设强度各指标之间的相关性系数随网格面积的增大而增大,在840 m网格时达到最大值;总体上LST与绿化率之间呈显著的负相关,与建筑密度和容积率之间呈显著的正相关。建筑斑块的尺度上,LST与建筑层数之间有显著的负相关关系,与总建筑面积之间有显著的正相关关系。城市建设强度直接或间接影响了城市热岛的形成与演变,而相关分析发现,建设强度指标并非都与LST之间呈正相关关系,这表明城市热岛除受建设强度的影响外,还受区域气候、城市形态、城市性质、交通方式以及建筑材质与色彩等多种因素的协同影响,是一个非线性的复杂过程。     

Invertebrate response to impacts of water diversion and flow regulation in high‐altitude tropical streams

Water supply systems are critical infrastructure that provides food and energy security for developed societies. The operation of reservoirs (flow regulation) and water intakes (water diversion) has known negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems; however, quantification of ecological impacts and examination of these two types of flow alteration remain a developing area of research. We investigated the individual and combined impact of flow regulation and water diversion on stream ecosystem integrity, the freshwater macroinvertebrate community, and the population structure of flow‐sensitive insects. For 2 years, we monitored quarterly discharge, physical and chemical stream conditions, and benthic invertebrates of four high‐altitude tropical streams that are part of the water supply system of Quito, Ecuador. Flow regulation caused a loss of the hydrological seasonality of these streams, including a decrease in stream depth and biotic quality. Water diversion caused a decrease in dissolved oxygen and overall ecosystem integrity. Freshwater invertebrate density and richness decreased as a result of water diversion and flow regulation. The combined flow alteration in these streams decreased the density of nymphal stages of the widely distributed mayfly Andesiops peruvianus. Given the societal needs for food and energy security, water management for diversion (e.g., irrigation) and in‐line storage practices (e.g., hydroelectric dams) are anticipated to increase. This research suggests that the negative environmental impacts of flow alteration could be mitigated with discharge releases designed to approximate the natural hydrologic regime of undisturbed streams.     

地下水人工回灌和停采对地面沉降控制的影响分析

地面沉降是全世界主要的工程地质灾害之一,而地下水超采是造成地面沉降的主要原因之一。为研究地下水人工回灌和停采对北京平原地面沉降的影响,采用三维地下水模型和情景设计法,设计3个情景(保持现状、人工回灌和地下水停采)对北京平原区域及沉降中心的沉降速率进行模拟。结果表明:保持现状、人工回灌和地下水停采等情景下北京平原在2015、2020和2030年的区域地面沉降分别为24 mm/a左右、12. 7～23. 2 mm/a及12. 4～23. 7mm/a,沉降中心地面沉降分别为39. 30～158. 62 mm/a、21. 09～165. 83 mm/a及16. 5～162. 95 mm/a;人工回灌和地下水停采对研究区地下水水位和含水层储存量的恢复以及地面沉降的控制有显著的促进作用,但地下水停采的效果要优于人工回灌的效果;只有综合考虑社会经济发展和地面沉降控制,才能既控制地面沉降的恶化,又保证北京平原社会的可持续发展。