反倾岩质边坡弯曲倾倒-剪切滑移破坏分析方法研究

目前反倾岩质边坡弯曲倾倒破坏分析方法仍以基于极限平衡理论的悬臂梁模型为主,但大多未考虑坡脚岩层的剪切破坏。为准确评价该类边坡的稳定性,建立考虑坡脚岩层剪切破坏的分析计算方法。首先,根据岩层变形破坏特征,将边坡分为后缘稳定区、中部弯曲倾倒区和前缘剪切区3个区域;其次,建立弯曲倾倒-剪切滑移破坏模式的稳定性分析方法;最后,通过工程实例验证,并进行参数分析。研究结果表明:提出的分析方法与工程实际符合性较好;边坡在倾角较陡、坡角较大时稳定性最差,坡角对边坡稳定性影响大于岩层倾角的影响;岩层厚度及层面内摩擦角增加有利于边坡稳定性,且会扩大坡脚剪切区范围。研究成果对反倾岩质边坡破坏的防治具有实践指导意义。     

用水竞争力指数评价方法及其应用研究

水资源短缺加剧了区域、行业间水资源竞争的程度,影响了水资源的演变格局,也对水资源供需管理提出了新的要求。为了定量化描述用水竞争现象,辨析了用水竞争力概念、内涵及其驱动因素,引入了用水竞争力指数（WCI）,并采用驱动增长率、刚性需水量、用水效益和用水紧缺程度四类指标构建了用水竞争力评价模型,以京津冀地区为例,定量分析得到京津冀地区2001—2015年农业、工业和生活分行业多年平均用水竞争力指数分别为0.09、0.17和0.56,其中生活用水竞争力指数最大并长期保持增长趋势,成为影响京津冀地区用水竞争力的主要行业,其次是工业用水竞争力指数,但呈波动性变化特征,农业用水竞争力指数最小但呈持续增加的趋势。     

基于互补原理确定黄土高原Budyko方程的流域特性参数

Budyko方程的流域特性参数一般根据植被覆盖度等下垫面特征进行确定,但相关资料不易获取。本文针对黄土高原地区29个小流域,通过分析流域特性参数、植被覆盖度和互补关系中大气湿润指数之间的关系发现,大气湿润指数能够间接反映植被覆盖度的大小,进而能够利用常规气象数据确定流域特性参数,并拟合出了经验公式。相比采用固定流域特性参数,这种方法能够提高Budyko方程对实际蒸散发量的模拟效果。相比于植被覆盖度等下垫面资料,常规气象数据时间序列长、且更易获取,因此本方法具有较好的应用前景。     

旱情预报技术进展与展望

受全球气候变化影响和人类活动的加剧,干旱灾害发生频次增加且强度增大,严重威胁着我国的粮食安全和水安全。准确及时的旱情预报,对于制定科学有效的干旱应对策略、减少灾害造成的损失具有重大意义。从基于数理统计模型的预报技术和基于物理机制模型的预报技术两方面入手,梳理回顾了国内外研究进展,揭示了当前预报技术所存在的问题,并提出针对性的解决方案。未来研究应注重提高干旱监测数据的质量、突破核心关键技术、构建全国旱情预报业务化系统,为抗旱减灾事业提供强有力的科技支撑。     

基于SPI的辽宁省庄河市近35年干旱演变特性研究

庄河市是辽南地区的重要水源地,分析其干旱演变特性有利于该地区水资源的合理开发与利用,对于防旱减灾、合理布局产业结构具有重要的现实意义。本文根据庄河市1984年1月1日至2018年12月31日的逐日降水数据计算了1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月共4个不同时间尺度下的标准化降水指数(SPI),并基于SPI对该地区近35年的年际与季节干旱演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:在年际变化方面,庄河市的SPI在2000年以前波动幅度较小,说明该地区的降水在时间上分布较为均匀;但自2000年以来,SPI序列出现较大的波峰与波谷,说明降雨的分布不均匀性有所增强;SPI的时间序列趋势线斜率为负值,说明该地区整体上呈现偏旱趋势,因此其水资源压力不断增大。在季节演变特征方面,夏季干旱和秋季干旱呈现增强趋势;秋旱的发生频率最高,而夏旱的出现频率最低。本研究结果可为庄河地区的抗旱减灾与水资源规划提供科学依据。     

基于行车轨迹通信算法

随着城市中汽车数量的大增,汽车与汽车之间的通信系统显得尤为重要。因此互联网在行车过程中起到了重要的作用,其中的车载网便扮演着物物通信的功能。本文提出行车过程中复杂特性的分发算法,首先对多个城市中的汽车进行汽车行动路线的统计与分析,其中包含了通信车辆之间的距离、所连车辆的数量分布以及聚集指标,从结论分析得到车与车之间联系的数量呈现一定的指数分布;并且在小范围内,聚集指标比较高。根据上述特性分,推算出一种车辆行进轨迹数据的分发算法,以便于进行车辆与车辆的实时通信,这样就能大大提高车辆行驶的有效性和降低车祸之间的发生。     

一种基于小波变换的非均匀量化索引调制水印算法

为了提高数字水印的稳健性与不可见性,将图像小波变换与量化索引调制算法相结合,提出了一种基于小波变换的非均匀量化索引调制数字水印算法。该算法对原始图像进行离散小波变换,将中频小波系数分成3×3的系数子块作为水印载体,对子块的系数均值采用非均匀量化索引调制,实现二值水印的嵌入。根据人类视觉特性,不同的系数子块采用不同的量化间隔并自适应于子块内相邻系数的差值。实验结果表明,该算法透明性好,安全性高,对高斯白噪声、剪切、滤波以及JPEG压缩等常见攻击具有较强的稳健性。     

Knockout of Auxin Response Factor SlARF4 Improves Tomato Resistance to Water Deficit

Auxin response factors (ARFs) play important roles in various plant physiological processes; however, knowledge of the exact role of ARFs in plant responses to water deficit is limited. In this study, SlARF4, a member of the ARF family, was functionally characterized under water deficit. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining showed that water deficit and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment reduced the expression of SlARF4. SlARF4 was expressed in the vascular bundles and guard cells of tomato stomata. Loss of function of SlARF4 (arf4) by using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas 9 (CRISPR/Cas 9) technology enhanced plant resistance to water stress and rehydration ability. The arf4 mutant plants exhibited curly leaves and a thick stem. Malondialdehyde content was significantly lower in arf4 mutants than in wildtype plants under water stress; furthermore, arf4 mutants showed higher content of antioxidant substances, superoxide dismutase, actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), and catalase activities. Stomatal and vascular bundle morphology was changed in arf4 mutants. We identified 628 differentially expressed genes specifically expressed under water deficit in arf4 mutants; six of these genes, including ABA signaling pathway-related genes, were differentially expressed between the wildtype and arf4 mutants under water deficit and unlimited water supply. Auxin responsive element (AuxRE) elements were found in these genes’ promoters indicating that SlARF4 participates in ABA signaling pathways by regulating the expression of SlABI5/ABF and SCL3, thereby influencing stomatal morphology and vascular bundle development and ultimately improving plant resistance to water deficit.     

A Novel DUF569 Gene Is a Positive Regulator of the Drought Stress Response in Arabidopsis

In the last two decades, global environmental change has increased abiotic stress on plants and severely affected crops. For example, drought stress is a serious abiotic stress that rapidly and substantially alters the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of plants. In Arabidopsis, several drought-responsive genes have been identified; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of drought tolerance in plants remains largely unclear. Here, we report that the “domain of unknown function” novel gene DUF569 (AT1G69890) positively regulates drought stress in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis loss-of-function mutant atduf569 showed significant sensitivity to drought stress, i.e., severe wilting at the rosette-leaf stage after water was withheld for 3 days. Importantly, the mutant plant did not recover after rewatering, unlike wild-type (WT) plants. In addition, atduf569 plants showed significantly lower abscisic acid accumulation under optimal and drought-stress conditions, as well as significantly higher electrolyte leakage when compared with WT Col-0 plants. Spectrophotometric analyses also indicated a significantly lower accumulation of polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls in atduf569 mutant plants. Overall, our results suggest that novel DUF569 is a positive regulator of the response to drought in Arabidopsis.