Phosphorus Loss in Tile Drains from a Reclaimed Marsh Soil Amended with Manure and Phosphogypsum

Reclamation of Guadalquivir river marshes (SW Spain) constitutes a representative example of wetland reclamation in Southern Europe. Nowadays, this is an important area of tile-drained soils (40,000 ha) with an intensive irrigated agricultural production where high fertilizer rates are usually applied. In tile-drained soils, flow through macropores or cracks, which connect the nutrient rich topsoil with drain lines, can be an important pathway for nutrient transfer from soil. In order to study P loss in these soils and how it is affected by soil amendment usually applied in the zone (phosphogypsum and manure) an experiment was performed during two consecutive growing seasons on a reclaimed marsh soil from the Guadalquivir Valley. In the first season (1998–1999), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was grown under sprinkler irrigation at a rate of 2.5 mm h⁻¹; in the second (2000), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was grown under furrow irrigation at 8–10 mm h⁻¹. The amendments applied included manure (30 Mg ha⁻¹), and phosphogypsum (13 and 26 Mg ha⁻¹). Drainage events were recorded, and water samples collected and analyzed for total P (TP), dissolved total P (DTP), and dissolved reactive P (DRP). Total P in drainflow ranged from 0 to 0.818 mg l⁻¹ in the 1998–1999 season and from 0 to 0.565 mg l⁻¹ in the 2000 season. The major P form in drainflow was DRP, which accounted for about 50% of TP in the two growing seasons (the mean DRP concentration was 0.068 mg l⁻¹ in 1998–1999 and 0.043 mg l⁻¹ in 2000). Dissolved organic P accounted for a higher portion of DTP in the first season (37%) than in the second (13%). A larger load of phosphorus was observed on plots receiving manure. This treatment significantly increased (P<0.05) the cumulative drainflow during the 1998–1999 growing season (sprinkler irrigation, low drainflow rates). This is consistent with the increased losses of TP, DTP, DAHP, and DRP resulting from this treatment in this growing season. In the following season, DTP loading were significantly increased by manure (P<0.05). This seems to be related mainly to significantly increased DOP losses (P<0.01), particularly during the first drainage event. The higher fraction of applied water was lost by drainage under furrow irrigation (high drainflow rates) is consistent with the high TP load during the 2000 growing season (199–285 g ha⁻¹) relative to the 1998–1999 season (20–59 g ha⁻¹). This difference in P losses was much greater than those resulting from amendment of the soil.     

滴头选型对玉米生长发育及产量的影响

以分析滴头流量对玉米生长发育及其产量的影响为目标,在石河子科学观测实验站选择郑单958开展玉米膜下滴灌试验,选择四种内镶式滴头和一种迷宫式滴头,从出苗率、株高、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、干物质、产量等方面分析滴头流量对玉米生长的影响。结果表明:一周后新疆大田作物普遍采用的迷宫式2.4 L/h出流量滴灌带(L5)和内镶式1.38 L/h出流量滴灌带(L4)出苗率较高,但内镶式3.0 L/h出流量滴灌带(L1)总出苗率最高;内镶式2.4 L/h出流量滴灌带(L2)株高最高,内镶式2.0 L/h出流量滴灌带(L3)叶面积指数最高,内镶式滴灌带处理的产量均高于迷宫式滴灌带。滴灌玉米拔节期、吐丝期和成熟期整株生物量均随着滴头流量减小而呈现单峰增长趋势;L2处理产量最高,较L1增产幅度为27.29%。本试验条件下,滴头流量2.038 L/h时滴灌玉米理论产量最高为15 377.66 kg/hm~2,建议玉米膜下滴灌滴头流量选择内镶式2.0~2.4 L/h之间的滴灌带。该试验结果对干旱区发展高效农业节水灌溉具有参考价值。     

U型混凝土渠道掘进衬砌一体机的工程施工关键技术

针对U型混凝土渠施工存在的鼓包、蜂窝、破损、裂缝多、横断面尺寸不标准、渠道不顺直、地基土碾压不达标等问题,集常规农田沟渠的U型混凝土渠开挖、衬砌成型于一体,设计了U型混凝土渠道掘进衬砌一体机,其关键技术包括基础清淤及回填参数确定、施工放线与机械行走、机械开挖及衬砌细节控制等。实践结果表明,该U型一体机施工产生渠道的填土密实度达到0.92,渠道百米长裂缝数仅为0.2~0.5条,百米长鼓包、蜂窝、破损数均为0,断面偏移均值不超过4 mm,渠道渗漏量低于0.006 m~3/(m·h),人工成本降低了49.16%,总成本降低了7.99%,施工质量和经济性均优于传统现浇技术。该U型混凝土渠道掘进衬砌一体机在小型渠道输水和灌溉节水工程建设中具有广阔的应用前景。     

宁夏平罗县井渠结合灌区地下水盐运移规律研究

以综合治理井渠结合灌区土壤盐碱化为目标,针对宁夏平罗县井渠结合灌区下游灌水难、排水难和盐碱化严重等问题,采用渠灌井排、井沟联合使用等措施,对作物进行适量和适时灌溉,充分利用地下水资源,并监测井渠结合灌溉条件下田间土壤含盐量、地下水矿化度和水位埋深的变化情况,分析地下水埋深和矿化度对土壤含盐量的影响。结果表明:井渠结合灌溉对降低地下水位效果显著。以黄河水为主要灌溉水源的宁夏银北自流灌区,地下水矿化度变化幅度较小;灌溉后的土壤表层含盐量骤降,0~40 cm土层的盐分变化较大;土壤盐分与地下水矿化度具有较强的线性正相关性,与地下水埋深呈负相关。研究成果对干旱半干旱区灌区水资源优化配置、盐碱地改良具有参考价值。     

节水灌溉管材及设备质量控制技术指标研究

合格的节水灌溉产品是确保节水灌溉工程正常运行和可持续发挥效益的基本条件。以北京市为实例,针对节水灌溉管材及设备在使用过程中频频出现质量问题的现状,一方面查阅了大量节水灌溉管材及设备方面的现行国家标准、行业标准,筛选整理出了理论规定的各类灌溉管材及设备的主要技术参数及性能指标;另一方面对节水灌溉管材及设备质量控制实际执行指标现状和实际应用中存在的问题进行了调研,得出现有质量控制指标、检测方法存在的漏洞,并对由此导致的实际应用问题进行了分析。将理论规定指标和实际执行指标进行了深入对比分析,发现理论规定指标繁多而可操作性不强,实际执行指标又过少难以保障设备质量。本研究结合调研中发现的实际问题倒逼必须检测的质量控制指标,综合提出了合理兼顾控制质量和相对可操作性的节水灌溉管材及设备质量控制技术指标。     

滴灌条件下脱毒马铃薯灌溉制度试验研究

马铃薯是干旱内陆河石羊河流域主要农作物之一。为了推广应用滴灌技术,对脱毒马铃薯夏波蒂进行了滴灌条件下灌溉制度试验研究,试验按土壤含水率(占田间持水量的百分数)不同设6个处理,处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的土壤含水率下限为田间持水量的45%,上限分别为田间持水量75%、80%,灌水次数设定为4次;处理Ⅱ、Ⅴ的土壤含水率下限为田间持水量的55%,上限分别为75%、80%,灌水次数设定为5次;处理Ⅲ、Ⅵ的土壤含水率下限为田间持水量的65%,上限分别为田间持水量的75%、80%,灌水次数设定为6次。研究结果表明:适宜马铃薯生长发育的土壤含水率下限不应低于田间持水量的55%,上限在田间持水量的75%~80%为宜,灌水次数5~6次为宜,脱毒马铃薯夏波蒂生育期120 d,生育期灌溉定额控制在3 000 m~3/hm~2左右。     

Communal irrigation systems in South-Eastern Africa: findings on productivity and profitability

Abstract

Significant expansion of irrigated agriculture is planned in Africa, though existing smallholder schemes perform poorly. Research at six schemes in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zimbabwe shows that a range of problems are exacerbated by poor management, with limited market linkages leading to underutilization and a lack of profit. Improving sustainability of these complex systems will require: multiple interventions at different scales; investing in people and institutions as much as hardware; clarity in governments’ objectives for their smallholder irrigation schemes; appropriate business models to enable farmers; and better market linkages.     

海水灌溉下库拉索芦荟产量及其理化指标变化

用大田试验方法,在海南非耕地用海洋滩涂对药用植物库拉索芦荟长期进行不同浓度海水灌溉实验,对比研究了不同配比的海、淡水灌溉下库拉索芦荟理化指标及生长的变化特征,分析了海水灌溉对库拉索芦荟的生长及其理化指标的影响,并筛选出合适的海、淡水混灌比例.结果表明:当海水浓度低于10%(体积分数,下同)时,芦荟植株的鲜重随着海水浓度的增加而提高;但当海水浓度高于50%后,芦荟植株鲜重则显著下降;库拉索芦荟植株的高度随海水浓度的升高显著下降,而凝胶汁和全叶汁的Mg2+含量则随海水浓度的升高显著增加;与CK相比,海水灌溉下芦荟样品中的水分含量和pH值、凝胶汁的相对密度和全叶汁的吸光度值无显著差异,而其全叶汁和凝胶汁中的Ca2+含量及25%和50%海水灌溉的芦荟全叶汁中多糖含量显著增加,所有海水灌溉的芦荟全叶汁中的芦荟素含量则大大降低.库拉索芦荟能耐受一定浓度的海水生长,当混灌水中海水占总水体积的0%~50%时最佳.     

农业节水对缓解漳河水库水资源供需矛盾的影响研究

依据漳河水库1966-2005年实际运行资料,以供水量和水文气象条件相似为原则,划分为3个阶段,对每个阶段的灌溉水资源利用变化情况及变化成因进行了分析,并从农业生产变化趋势等方面探讨了农业节水对缓解漳河水库水资源供需矛盾的影响.相同的水资源数量,既发挥出更大的经济效益,也缓解了水资源供需矛盾.     

农户土地分散程度的评价及其影响分析

中国农村户均耕地只有0.513hm2,且平均分为6小块进行农业生产,形成了明显的土地分散现状.土地分散具有户均耕地少以及耕地地理位置分布不集中2个特点.分散的土地状况限制了资金、新技术的投入,也阻碍了我国农业机械化、现代化的进程.选择湖北省漳河灌区的2个试验区的农户开展相关的调查和研究并建立了评价土地分散程度的指标,结合指标以及调查农户有关灌溉水管理数据进行分析,发现土地相对集中的农户多选择更加有利于节水的田间用水方式,并且土地集中会显著地降低农民在劳动力上的投入.在采用间歇灌溉节水方式的区域,土地的相对集中还会减小田间的灌水深度,达到节约用水的目的.