Fabrication of high surface area graphitic nanoflakes on carbon nanotubes templates

Graphitic nanoflakes were fabricated on the carbon nanotubes templates for increasing the surface area utilizing bias assisted microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MWPECVD). The analysis of morphologies and structures were achieved by means of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The surface area of graphitic nanoflakes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphitic nanoflakes/CNTs were 57.44 m²/g, 90.31 m²/g and 130.96 m²/g from BET measurement, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry was used to calculate the active area of platinum catalysts in 1 M sulfuric acid from hydrogen adsorption peak. An enhancement of activity could be observed from the calculation of CV results. This may be attributed to the small particle size and high dispersion of platinum particles coated on graphitic nanoflakes/CNTs. These high surface area materials could be used as catalysts supports or electrode for fuel cell applications.     

在特殊条件下汽车运行材料的选择

汽车的运行材料指的是对汽车的运行周期、消耗费用等有重大影响的非金属材料,一般包括车用燃料、润滑剂、制动液、冷却液、轮胎等。汽车在不同的工作环境下,对这些材料的合理选用也是不同的。在低温下,需要时刻保持机器的工作温度;在高温下,则需要采取措施来降低温度;而在高原上则对发动机的性能有更高的要求。本文主要对几种特殊工作条件下,如何合理的选取这些运行材料才能保证机器的正常运行,以及提高使用性能进行了简单的介绍和分析,这对提高汽车的可靠性,增加使用寿命有非常重要的意义。     

压痕法确定纤维复合材料界面影响区蠕变特性的数值模拟法

研究由平头压痕蠕变试验来确定纤维复合材料界面影响区蠕变性能参数的可行性。利用有限元蠕变分析确定在定压痕应力下的压痕蠕变率，重点放在稳定压痕蠕变率和复合材料材料界面影响区的蠕变性能参数的关系上。计算结果表明，界面影响区的剪应力沿纤维轴向在蠕变的主要过程中均匀分布，并且保持不变；详细地研究了压头大小对压痕蠕变响应的影响：提出两种方法由压痕蠕变试验来确定界面影响区蠕变性能参数，并给出了算例。这些结果也有利于准确认识平头压痕蠕变试验从而拓宽其应用范围。     

Surface modification of macroporous Al2O3 tubes with carbon-doped TiO2 intermediate layer and preparation of highly permeable palladium composite membranes for hydrogen separation

ABSTRACT

To prepare H₂-permeable palladium composite membranes, a novel carbon-doped microporous TiO₂ intermediate layer was introduced to modify the surface of macroporous Al₂O₃ substrates. The Pd/TiO₂–C/Al₂O₃ membrane was prepared via electroless plating, and thereafter, carbon residue in the intermediate layer was removed by calcination in air, yielding a Pd/TiO₂/Al₂O₃ membrane. Experimental results indicate that the carbon residue shrinks the pore size of the intermediate layer and facilitates a decrease of membrane defects. Additionally, carbon removal induces a higher effective membrane area at the permeate side, which enhances hydrogen permeability. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy (E_A) and stability of the as-prepared Pd/TiO₂/Al₂O₃ membrane were investigated.     

Investigation of the effects of fatty acids on the compressive strength of the concrete and the grindability of the cement

In cement industry, a great energy consumption has been observed during grinding of clinker. To reduce this consumption, some waste products have been used as grinding aids.In this investigation, the effects of sunflower oil (SO), oleic acid (OA), stearic acid (SA), myristic acid (MA) and lauric acid (LA) on the fineness and strength of the cement have been examined. These aids were added into clinker in certain ratios based on the cement clinker weight and the grinding has been done for a definite time at the same condition.All of the fatty acids used increased the fineness as compared with the cement without the grinding additives. SO and OA decreased the strength significantly, LA decreased it to a lesser extent and SA increased it definitely according to the common cement. But MA did not alter the strength of the cement as much as SA. In addition, the covering of the balls influences the grinding of cement clinker unfavourably.     

风拖曳力系数和曼宁系数对风暴潮流模拟的影响

利用0205号威马逊台风期间实测风暴增水和风暴潮流数据,采用NCEP FNL和台风模型风场的融合风场作为驱动项,建立了覆盖东海的三维风暴潮流数值模型,研究风拖曳力系数和曼宁系数对风暴增水和风暴潮流的影响。计算结果表明:(1)风拖曳力系数取值应考虑随风速变化。表层风暴潮流受风拖曳力系数影响较大,中层和底层风暴潮流基本不受影响。(2)风暴潮流结构在一定程度上取决于曼宁系数;曼宁系数对中层和底层风暴潮流影响大于表层,曼宁系数越大,底摩擦阻力越大,风暴潮流垂向分层越明显。(3)风暴增水和风暴潮流对曼宁系数的响应不同,建立模型时,应同时率定风暴增水和风暴潮流。     

引江济淮工程水源区论证分析

水源区论证是引调水工程前期工作的重要内容。引江济淮工程调水规模大且水源区受影响因素多、影响涉及范围广,因此,对该工程水源区进行论证较为复杂。在开展有关规划依据、经济社会发展需求分析的基础上,对引江济淮工程进行了取水合理性分析;在考虑规划水平年工程取水水源论证范围内水库群的联合调度、增耗水以及跨流域调水等因素的基础上,对水源的可靠性进行了分析,同时,也对工程给水源区水文情势、水域主要功能和纳污能力、咸潮上溯等方面可能受到的影响进行了分析研究。分析结果表明,引江济淮工程取水合理、水源可靠、对水源区造成的影响较小。     

黑方台焦家4号黄土滑坡发育特征及滑动机理

20世纪60年代以来,大量的灌溉系统在黄土地区建设运营,解决了农业的干旱问题,但同时灌溉也诱发了大量的滑坡。其中,2015年1月28日20:00,甘肃省永靖县焦家村发生了一起中等规模的黄土滑坡,滑坡严重影响其下方309国道线和六盘峡水库的安全。采用对裂缝分布、水文地质的调查,结合低空摄影测量、精细工程地质测绘、室内三轴试验等研究方法,对焦家4号滑坡的基本特征进行了分析,对形成滑坡的成灾机理有了初步认识。结果表明:(1)滑坡发生前,后缘裂缝有明显的变形情况;(2)滑坡滑动距离为548.3 m,体积为15.35万m~3,面积为6.6万m~2;(3)饱和黄土应力应变模式表现为强烈的应变软化剪缩型,并具有一定的静态液化特性;(4)滑坡是饱和黄土层静态液化引起的。     

自重施加方式对高拱坝廊道结构应力及配筋的影响

自重工况一般是高拱坝内廊道配筋设计的控制工况,由于高拱坝施工过程的特殊性及复杂性,有限元计算中自重有多种施加方式。结合工程实例,对高拱坝基础廊道结构进行三维有限元分析,比较不同自重施加方式对廊道结构应力及配筋的影响。研究结果表明:按整体自重考虑时,廊道结构应力及配筋面积明显偏小;全部按分缝自重考虑时,廊道结构应力及配筋面积明显大于按施工过程考虑自重的结果;为符合实际施工过程及结构承载规律,保证结构安全及经济合理,在拱坝结构的有限元计算中应按照施工过程考虑自重荷载。该研究成果对泄洪孔结构的应力分析也具有参考价值。     

Influence of activated carbon pore structure on oxygen reduction at catalyst layers supported on rotating disk electrodes

Carbon materials are often used as catalyst supports, and for catalysts in electrodes of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, carbon black has been used. Recently, it was found, however, that activated carbon could replace carbon black and besides, significantly improve the activity of the electrode catalyst layer for oxygen reduction. In the present study, to optimize the pore structure of activated carbon for further activity improvement, the influence of the pore structure on the activity was investigated using activated carbon of various specific surface areas and mean pore diameters. A catalyst layer was formed from activated carbon loaded with platinum and a polymer electrolyte. The activity of the layer was measured in an oxygen-saturated perchloric acid solution, supporting the layer on a rotating glassy carbon disk electrode. We found that increases in the specific surface area and mean pore diameter increased the activity and that the latter was more effective than the former mainly due to the enhanced mass-transfer in the pores; the catalyst layer formed from activated carbon with the largest mean pore diameter was the most active. Unless pores excessively develop and lose connections between particles, a large pore diameter is therefore desired for the fuel cell electrodes.