我国燃料乙醇产业及其对石油消费的局部替代性研究

从燃料乙醇局部替代石油消费的角度，结合经济计量模型和实地调研对燃料乙醇产业未来的盈利能力，市场规模以及其对玉米市场冲击进行了阐述。     

Nitrogen fertilizer in leucaena alley cropping. II. residual value of nitrogen fertilizer and leucaena residues

Legume residues have been credited with supplying mineral nitrogen (N) to the associated cereal crop and improving soil fertility in the long term. Few studies using¹⁵N have reported the fate of legume N and fertilizer N in the presence of legume residues in soil-plant systems over periods of two years or longer. A field experiment was conducted in microplots to evaluate: (1) the residual value of the¹⁵N added in leucaena residues; (2) the residual value of fertilizer¹⁵N applied in the presence of unlabelled leucaena residues in the first year to maize over three subsequent years; and (3) the long-term fate of residual fertilizer and leucaena¹⁵N in a leucaena alley cropping system.There was a significant increase in maize production over three subsequent years after addition of leucaena residues. The residual effect of fertilizer N increased maize yield in the second year when N fertilizer was applied at 36 kg N ha^–1 in the first year in the presence of leucaena residues. Of the leucaena¹⁵N applied in the first year, the second, third and fourth maize crop recovered 2.6%, 1.8% and 1.4%, respectively. The corresponding values for the residual fertilizer¹⁵N were 0.7%, 0.4% and 0.3%. About 12–14% of the fertilizer¹⁵N added in the first year was found in the 200 cm soil profile over the following three years. This differed from the 38–41% of leucaena¹⁵N detected in the soil over the same period. Most of the residual fertilizer and leucaena¹⁵N in the soil was immobilized in the top 25 cm with less than 1% leached below 100 cm. More than 36% of the leucaena¹⁵N and fertilizer¹⁵N added in the first year was apparently lost from the soil-plant system in the first two years. No further loss of the residual leucaena and fertilizer¹⁵N was detected after two years.     

玉米气调储藏品质变化规律的研究

通过对不同水分含量(13.5%、15.0%、17.0%)的玉米,在不同温度(自然温度、18℃、25℃),不同气体(空气、98%N2、40%CO2)条件下建立正交试验并模拟储藏,研究玉米在储藏过程中品质的变化规律,并对相关数据进行回归处理和方差分析.结果表明:随着储藏时间的延长,发芽率的变化呈由高到低的趋势;脂肪酸值和丙二醛含量呈由低到高的趋势;玉米含水量、储藏气体成分、储藏温度及储藏时间对发芽率、脂肪酸值和丙二醛含量有显著性的影响,对发芽率、脂肪酸值和丙二醛含量影响的大小均为:玉米含水量>储藏时间>储藏温度>储藏气体成分;同时,98%N2和40%CO2气调储藏较常规气体储藏有显著的抑制玉米品质降低的效果,且CO2优于N2气调储藏.     

ELISA法检测玉米中AFB1样品提取方法改进的研究

在用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)测定玉米AFB1含量的过程中,通过改进样品提取方法,将样品本身的影响因素所造成的误差降至最小.结果表明:ELISA定量检测的标准工作溶液与样品提取液内成分相当时,样品检测结果准确,回收率稳定在83%以上.     

Effects of molasses grass,Melinis minutiflora volatiles on the foraging behavior of the cereal stemborer parasitoid,Cotesia sesamiae

Olfactory responses of the cereal stemborer parasitoid Cotesia sesamiae to volatiles emitted by gramineous host and nonhost plants of the stemborers were studied in a Y-tube olfactometer. The host plants were maize (Zea mays) and sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor), while the nonhost plant was molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora). In single-choice tests, females of C. sesamiae chose volatiles from infested and uninfested host plants and molasses grass over volatiles from the control (soil). In dual-choice tests, the wasp preferred volatiles from infested host plants to those from uninfested host plants. There was no discrimination between molasses grass volatiles and those of uninfested maize, uninfested sorghum, or infested maize. The wasp preferred sorghum volatiles over maize. Combining uninfested maize or sorghum with molasses grass did not make volatiles from the combination more attractive as compared to only uninfested host plants. Infested maize alone was as attractive as when combined with molasses grass. Infested sorghum was preferred over its combination with molasses grass. Local growth conditions of the molasses grasses influenced attractiveness to the parasitoids. Volatiles from Thika molasses grass were attractive, while those from Mbita molasses grass were not. Growing the Thika molasses grass in Mbita rendered it unattractive and vice versa with the Mbita molasses grass. This is a case of the same genotype expressing different phenotypes due to environmental factors.     

不同耕作措施及玉米生育期对黄壤坡耕地土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

为探讨耕作措施和玉米季对黄壤坡耕地土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以横坡垄作坡面为研究对象,顺坡垄作坡面为对照,研究野外自然降雨条件下玉米季黄壤坡耕地土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性的变化特征,以期为山地黄壤区土壤抗蚀性研究提供理论依据。结果表明:①不同耕作措施对玉米种植土壤团聚体组成和稳定性影响显著,横坡垄作坡面较顺坡垄作含有更多大粒级团聚体;以(10,0.25]mm水稳性团聚体(WSA_>0.25)、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、结构体破坏率(PAD)、水稳性团聚体分形维数(D)、团聚体稳定性系数(ASI)为指标进行分析,得出横坡垄作坡面土壤团聚体稳定性较顺坡垄作坡面好。②随玉米生育期的推进,土壤大粒级团聚体含量及团聚体稳定性均呈现出显著升高的趋势,且在成熟期达极大值,表明玉米生育期也显著影响土壤团聚体组成及稳定性。③相关性分析得出,团聚体稳定性与根系密度、根表面积、根体积呈极显著正相关关系,根系的发育对增强研究区土壤团聚体稳定性具有重要的贡献。适宜的耕作措施和合理的种植模式均有助于研究区水土流失的有效防控。     

2014年灵丘春玉米生育期气象条件分析

根据灵丘县2014年4月下旬到9月下旬的气象观测资料和玉米获得高产所需的农业气象条件,对灵丘县春玉米生育期的气象条件进行了综合分析,得出2014-04—09的综合气象条件能满足春玉米生长发育的需求。其中,有3个时段的气象条件与春玉米生育阶段的需求不吻合,即5月上旬出现冷害、7月中下旬降水偏少、9月出现阶段性低温和阴雨寡照天气,这些不利气象条件都会对春玉米的发育造成不同程度的影响。     

宁夏南部山区秸秆覆盖对春玉米水分利用及产量的影响

为研究秸秆覆盖在宁南山区对春玉米生长及其土壤水分的影响,在宁夏彭阳县对三种不同秸秆覆盖处理方式进行了试验研究。对比分析了不同覆盖措施下春玉米的生长状况、产量及水分利用效率变化的关系。结果表明:采用秸秆覆盖方式可使春玉米的株高、穗位高、穗长、生物产量及经济产量等指标得到显著提高,土壤的蓄水保墒性能增强,水分利用效率提高,增产增效明显;与传统方式相比,整秸秆覆盖可使春玉米的产量及水分利用效率分别提高3.5%及16.5%。     

霍泉灌区作物需水量实时预报

采用联合国粮农组织最新推荐的修正Ｐｅｎｍａｎ公式分析计算了霍泉灌区长系列参考作物的腾发量及其变化规律,在此基础上提出了该灌区冬小麦、夏玉米需水量预报模型．分析了预报模型中参数Ａ０的变化规律,并在预报过程中进行调整．运用实测资料检验表明,修正后的模型在逐日作物需水量预报中更符合实际,具有比较高的精度．     

生物农药防治玉米土传性病害药效的测定

采用美国生产的ＢＧ－２、Ｓｏｉｌｇａｒｄ两种生物农药和国内生产的生物型种衣剂（ＺＳＢ）对玉米茎腐病和纹枯病苗期和成株期的防治试验表明：两种生物农药均可在一定程度上防治茎腐病菌在苗期引起的根腐病,其中ＢＧ－２对镰孢菌的防治效果高达５５．１４％;Ｓｏｉｌｇａｒｄ对腐霉菌的防治效果达５５．５７％。ＢＧ－２对纹枯病的防治效果比ＺＳＢ好。田间试验表明：ＺＳＢ对纹枯病比对茎腐病的防治效果好。１：４０的种子包衣量为最佳。粉锈宁与ＺＳＢ混用比单独粉锈宁拌种防治茎腐病的效果好。