微波辅助法提取紫玉米植株花青素工艺条件优化研究

以紫玉米植株为材料,研究微波辅助法提取紫玉米花色苷的工艺条件,确定微波条件下花色苷最佳提取条件。结果表明,微波功率是影响花色苷提取的主因素,各因子对提取率的影响依次为:微波功率,微波辐射时间,提取温度,料液比;最佳条件为:微波辐射功率700w,辐射时间6min,提取温度60℃,料液比1∶20(g:mL)。与传统的浸提法相比,时间由24h缩短为7min,色素产率由12.24%增加到16.87%。微波辅助提取色素具有提取时间短、减少环境污染、节能省耗、提取率高等优点。     

Impact of plant shoot architecture on leaf cooling: a coupled heat and mass transfer model

Plants display a range of striking architectural adaptations when grown at elevated temperatures. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, these include elongation of petioles, and increased petiole and leaf angles from the soil surface. The potential physiological significance of these architectural changes remains speculative. We address this issue computationally by formulating a mathematical model and performing numerical simulations, testing the hypothesis that elongated and elevated plant configurations may reflect a leaf-cooling strategy. This sets in place a new basic model of plant water use and interaction with the surrounding air, which couples heat and mass transfer within a plant to water vapour diffusion in the air, using a transpiration term that depends on saturation, temperature and vapour concentration. A two-dimensional, multi-petiole shoot geometry is considered, with added leaf-blade shape detail. Our simulations show that increased petiole length and angle generally result in enhanced transpiration rates and reduced leaf temperatures in well-watered conditions. Furthermore, our computations also reveal plant configurations for which elongation may result in decreased transpiration rate owing to decreased leaf liquid saturation. We offer further qualitative and quantitative insights into the role of architectural parameters as key determinants of leaf-cooling capacity.     

Nutritional deterioration of stored Zea mays L. along supply chain in southwestern Ethiopia: Implication for unseen dietary hunger

Maize plays a key role in household food security in southwestern Ethiopia, but its benefits have been negated by high post-harvest losses. Previous loss assessment and management studies have focused mainly on quantity losses. This study was therefore designed to assess nutritional quality losses of stored maize along the supply chain in Jimma Zone, southwestern Ethiopia. Three districts representing potential maize producers and different agro-ecological regimes for maize production were selected for analyses. Sample collection started at harvest and continued for six months at two-month intervals from 21 selected actors along the supply chain. The experiment was conducted for two seasons, and a total of 72 samples were collected during each season. Both nutritional and anti-nutritional analyses were carried out following the international standards of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Data were analysed using SAS software (version 9.2) using a general linear model (GLM). The result revealed that moisture content significantly decreases (P < 0.05) as storage duration increases under different actors and agro-ecological conditions. But, showed increment during the final months under farmers' storage conditions. In addition, moisture content at the loading stage was not optimal for safe storage. Crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, and calorific value content significantly decreased (P < 0.05) as the storage duration increased, but fibre, ash, and major mineral (Ca, Zn, and Fe) content increased significantly over the storage period. Phytate and tannin content varied with storage duration and agro-ecological setting. Storing maize under traditional conditions along the supply chain resulted in substantial quality losses. This has great implications for nutrition insecurity and unrecognized undernourishment in the society. Additionally, substantial increases in fibre content above the optimum have important effects on nutrient absorption. There is thus a need to develop and disseminate appropriate storage technologies that minimize quality loss in maize stores.     

Delivery systems for biological control agents to manage aflatoxin contamination of pre-harvest maize

While soil application of a competitive non-toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains is successful in reducing aflatoxin contamination in certain crops, direct application to aerial reproductive structures could be more effective for maize. A sprayable, clay-based water-dispersible granule formulation was developed to deliver non-toxigenic A. flavus strain K49 directly to maize ears. The efficacy of the K49 water-dispersible granule in mitigating aflatoxin in maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated. Field studies were conducted to compare K49 colonization and effectiveness in reducing aflatoxin contamination when applied either as a soil inoculant or as a directed spray in plots infested with toxigenic strain F3W4. Fifty percent of non-toxigenic A. flavus was recovered from non-treated controls and from plots soil inoculated with K49 on wheat. In spray treatments with formulated or unformulated K49 conidia, over 90% of A. flavus recovered was non-toxigenic. Soil-applied K49 reduced aflatoxin contamination by 65% and spray applications reduced contamination by 97%. These findings suggest direct spray application of non-toxigenic A. flavus strains may be better than soil inoculation at controlling maize aflatoxin contamination and that a water-dispersible granule is a viable delivery system for maintaining viability and efficacy of the biological control agent, K49.     

Sub-Saharan African Maize-Based Foods - Processing Practices,Challenges and Opportunities

ABSTRACT

In vast swathes of Sub-Saharan Africa, maize is the staple food with consumption of up to 450 g/person/day. Additionally, maize is used as a weaning food for infants as well as for special ceremonies, caring for the sick, aged and pregnant women. Malnutrition persists in regions with heavy maize consumption, partly due to compositional maize characteristics, nutrient loss during processing and consumer preferences. This paper reviews the traditional uses and processing of maize, opportunities and necessary improvements to ensure (micro)nutrient security. Better use of maize can enhance its contribution to meeting the dietary needs and livelihood of Africa’s growing populace.     

Suitability of some selected maize hybrids from Serbia for the production of bioethanol and dried distillers' grains with solubles

BACKGROUND: Bioethanol is mostly produced from starchy parts of the corn grain kernel leaving significant amounts of valuable by‐products such as dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) which can be used as a substitute for traditional feedstuff. The suitability of six maize hybrids from Serbia was investigated for bioethanol and DDGS production. The correlation between physical and chemical characteristics of the grain, bioethanol yield and quality of the corresponding DDGS was assessed. RESULTS: All hybrids had very different chemical composition and physical characteristics which could allow various applications. The highest bioethanol yield (94.5% of theoretical) and volumetric productivity (2.01 g l^?1 h^?1) were obtained with hybrid ZP 434 and the lowest with ZP 611k. Regarding chemical composition, all DDGS samples manifested good properties as feed components. Their protein content was higher compared to the kernel. In addition, the samples showed high digestibility and high mineral content, especially of calcium and phosphorus. CONCLUSION: A hybrid ZP 434 was selected as the most promising bioethanol producer. This property is attributed to the highest level of soft endosperm which is more susceptible to starch‐hydrolysing enzymes. A high yield potential per hectare makes it the best candidate for commercial bioethanol production. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The influence of flaxseed gum on the retrogradation of maize starch

The influence of flaxseed gum (FG) on the retrogradation of maize starch (MS) was investigated in this study. Based on the results of rapid visco‐analyzer (RVA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FG has a retardation effect on the retrogradation of MS. With the addition increasing, the more significant the retardation effect was observed (P < 0.05). However, when the concentration of FG was up to 0.4%, the change of retrogradation ratio showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). FG could wrap around starch granules, suppress the recrystallisation of amylose and amylopectin, increase the water mobility and decrease the water loss. In summary, the overall results suggested that FG could be used as a natural inhibitor of the retrogradation of starch in food industry.     

基于Matlab语言的温室作物蒸腾模型

为了简单方便地对作物的蒸腾量进行准确的预测,从而按照作物的最佳生长轨迹所要求的蒸腾量给定水分,对作物的生长环境进行调控,以Matlab模糊逻辑工具箱中的图形用户界面(GUI)和命令函数为工具构建了以辐照量和相对湿度为输入的温室作物的模糊蒸腾模型,得到了符合温室作物蒸腾规律的较为满意的仿真结果,证明了模型的合理正确性,并对模型的优化做了简要概述。     

重金属铅和镉对玉米品质的影响

盆栽条件下,研究了铅与镉胁迫对富友1号玉米籽粒中蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和淀粉含量的影响。铅胁迫试验设0,250,400,550,700,850,1000μg·g-1(以纯铅计)7种浓度处理;镉胁迫试验设0,8,16,24,32,40,48μg·g-1(以纯镉计)7种浓度处理。结果表明:在重金属胁迫下,玉米籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量变化均呈先升后降趋势,在铅胁迫下,700μg·g-1处理蛋白质含量最高,为100mg·g-1;在镉胁迫下,32μg·g-1处理的蛋白质含量最高,为115mg·g-1。淀粉含量变化趋势与此相反,其中铅胁迫下的淀粉含量分别是724,715,713,712,709,715,725mg·g-1;镉胁迫下的淀粉含量分别是724,711,710,708,692,704,705mg·g-1。