Agroecological analysis and economic benefit of organic resources and fertiliser in till and no-till sorghum production after a 6-year fallow in semi-arid West Africa

A field experiment was conducted in Gampela (Burkina Faso) in 2000 and 2001 to assess the impact of organic and mineral sources of nutrients and combinations thereof in optimising crop production in till and no-till systems and to assess the economic benefit of these options. The study showed that under conditions of rainfall deficiency, the use of a single organic resource at an equivalent dose of 40 kg N ha⁻¹ better secured crop yield than the application of an equivalent amount as urea-N, while a combination of organic resources and fertiliser was better in increasing crop yield than the application of the same N amount in the form of urea. In a year of rainfall deficiency, a mix of organic resources and fertiliser in both till and no-till systems increased crop water use efficiency, with the result that the farmer was able to purchase only half of the normal quantity of N fertiliser to obtain a higher yield that he would have done when all of the N was supplied in the form of urea. Under conditions where soil N is deficient, an economic benefit was achieved when urea was combined with easily decomposable organic material (e.g. sheep dung); mixing the urea at a dose of 40 kg N ha⁻¹ with maize straw was not sufficient in alleviating the negative interaction due to the enhanced N immobilisation. The results demonstrate that the use of N fertiliser alone was risky and that a higher yield, with the accompanying economic benefit, was scarcely achieved under the prevailing rainfall conditions. The application of soil and water conservation measures can contribute greatly to increasing the economic benefit of mineral, organic or combined organic and mineral-derived nutrient application under semi-arid conditions.     

乡镇矿山科学管理出效益的体会

柳树沟磷矿开工时技术力量十分薄弱，以自己培养为主．广泛争取设计院等单位支持．基建工程严格按设计施工，并且建立健全各项规章制度，实行科学管理，安全生产文明生产，扩大生产规模，已由年产９万ｔ扩大到２０万ｔ，企业经济效益、社会效益十分显著，成为乡镇矿山典范，磷矿企业的标兵．     

新增仪表空气干燥器的运行经济评价

介绍仪表空气干燥器功能、试车运行情况及在生产中所起的作用和使用后收到的效果。     

Hydrolysis of human horny cells by alkaline protease: Morphological observation of the process

The interaction of highly purified alkaline protease fromBacillus sp. KSM-K16 with the horny cells of human skin contained in skin grime was directly visualized by electron microscopy. It became clear that the protease first penetrates the horny cells and then adsorbs, mainly onto the internal structure of the cells at the initial stage of hydrolysis, and directly hydrolyzes the keratin filaments, though the marginal band surrounding them retains its original shape. Then, hydrolysate produced from the keratin filaments flows out of the cell, and early in the hydrolysis process keratin filaments decrease and then disappear, leaving a marginal band, i.e., the cell turns to a hollow state. As a result, the remaining marginal band loses support from inside the cell, thus promoting cleavage and dispersion. Until this stage in the protease reaction, the remarkable liberation of hydrolysis products as water-soluble protein does not occur.     

北京市南水北调中线工程供水效益评估

采用分摊系数法、开采损失法、影子价格法以及替代工程法,计算了南水北调中线工程向北京供水的效益。计算结果表明:南水北调中线工程通水后所产生的供水效益为311.76亿元,其中经济效益为295.75亿元,生态环境效益为16.01亿元;同时,该工程投入运行以后,还发挥了显著的社会效益。计算研究结果可为相关部门制定调水方案以及实施水资源优化管理提供有益的参考。     

煤液化项目与原油加工项目经济效益比较

通过对煤液化与原油加工经济的分析，认为在目前情况下，我国开展煤液化的建设是可行的和必要的。     

梯级水电站施工导流风险效益补偿机制研究

汛期通过上游已建水电站调蓄可保障下游施工电站的度汛安全。为有效均衡上下游风险,合理分摊合作利益,对梯级水电站施工导流风险效益进行了补偿机制的设计。以总效益可量化为前提,提出补偿是落实风险效益分摊的一种支付行为,分别从补偿主客体的界定、责权利的划分、风险效益计量、补偿实施方式、补偿管理流程设计等方面,构建了梯级水电开发条件下施工导流风险效益补偿框架和程序。针对补偿制度实施存在的难点,提出了相应的对策和建议,可为流域梯级水电站风险效益补偿管理模式和制度的构建提供参考。     

遂昌护林员考勤系统的应用与效益分析

护林员是森林资源保护的一支重要力量,林业野外作业的特点使得护林员队伍的管理成为难题。遂昌县护林员考勤系统结合了现行森林资源保护管理体制及其制度设置的特点,从对护林员巡护森林的实时管理、量化管理着手,借助GIS、现代通讯和无线传感技术等现代科技监控手段,对护林员野外作业过程实时定位、跟踪和计量,为护林员的野外作业管理提供可用的现代技术手段。本系统的有效应用为林业部门管理信息化建设提供了借鉴。     

煤部分气化燃烧集成系统最优化模型及其求解

运用已有的基础动力学数据，将流化床气化过程用全混流模型描述，同时认为部分气化煤焦的燃烧速率相当快，其产生的电能只与燃烧的炭量成线性关系，不受其他因素的影响，在此简化条件的基础上建立了一个部分气化、燃烧集成优化的经济评价模型。通过对模型的模拟计算发现：煤部分气化、燃烧集成优化是可行的，采用这一集成技术在提高煤炭利用率的同时，也可提高经济效益；1000℃时，三种煤的最优气化率在60％～80％之间，活性好的神木煤其最优部分气化率最高；提高气化温度，可以提高煤焦最优气化率，从而可提高总体经济效益。     

合成氨双甲精制工艺副产双甲燃料应用实践

总结了合成氨双甲精制新工艺的实际应用情况，着重阐述其工艺流程，设备，工艺指标，安全，特点，效益。旨在从实践的角度察看其理论的成熟性与合理性，促进双甲工艺在八成氨生产中的广泛应用，创造更好的社会效益和与经济效益。