The effect of operating parameters on water transport in PEM fuel cells

Water content in the membrane and the presence of liquid water in the catalyst layers (CL) and the gas diffusion layers (GDL) play a very important role in the performance of a PEM fuel cell. To study water transport in a PEM fuel cell, a two‐phase flow mathematical model is developed. This model couples the continuity equation, momentum conservative equation, species conservative equation, and water transport equation in the membrane. The modeling results of fuel cell performances agree well with measured experimental results. Then this model is used to simulate water transport and current density distribution in the cathode of a PEM fuel cell. The effects of operating pressure, cell temperature, and humidification temperatures on the net water transfer through the membrane, liquid water saturation, and current density distribution are studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(2): 89–100, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20107     

Challenges and future developments in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Fuel cell system is an advanced power system for the future that is sustainable, clean and environmental friendly. The importance of fuel cell as the future power system is discussed in the light of future fossil fuel depletion, impending international law on green house gases control and the national renewable energy policy. The modern development of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for the last 20 years is then briefly reviewed and the current status of international and national research and development of this type of are established. The review also discuss the remaining research and development issues that still need to be resolved before these fuel cells are available for commercial application. The main thrust in PEMFC research and development is to lower the cost of the fuel cell by reduction in membrane and electrocatalyst costs. Although Europe, USA, Canada and Japan are leading fuel cell research and development as commercialization, it is not too late for Malaysia to master this technology and to apply it to niche markets in the future.     

山铝热电厂01#循环流化床锅炉膜式省煤器改造

山东铝业股份有限公司热电厂01#循环流化床锅炉省煤器自投产以来频繁出现爆管故障，通过对历次故障情况进行综合分析，提出了减少省煤器管排数、改善防磨结构、降低烟气流速减轻磨损的膜式省煤器改造方案，改造实施后运行效果良好。     

基于并行膜计算的短期电力负荷组合预测

提出一种并行膜计算(Parallel Membrane Computing,PMC)的电力负荷短期组合预测方法。将线性回归模型、趋势外推模型、改进灰色模型和粒子群优化参数的支持向量机分别放入膜系统的基本膜中,同时并行预测,然后把预测结果输出到表层膜。在表层膜中组合得出最终预测值,组合优化以各种方法预测结果的几何平均数与加权组合结果之差的平方值最小为目标函数,并采用改进粒子群算法分时段优化出权重系数。此外,在进行预测前对历史数据进行了改进滑动平均处理,并采用系统聚类法选出计算输入的历史数据。并行膜计算可以极大地提高组合预测速度,以多种方法预测结果的几何平均数代替真实值确立组合预测模型的目标函数更具实用性。最后,仿真结果验证了所提方法的合理性和有效性。     

The impact of fouling on performance evaluation of evaporative coolers and condensers

Fouling of evaporative cooler and condenser tubes is one of the most important factors affecting their thermal performance, which reduces effectiveness and heat transfer capability with time. In this paper, the experimental data on fouling reported in the literature are used to develop a fouling model for this class of heat exchangers. The model predicts the decrease in heat transfer rate with the growth of fouling. A detailed model of evaporative coolers and condensers, in conjunction with the fouling model, is used to study the effect of fouling on the thermal performance of these heat exchangers at different air inlet wet bulb temperatures. The results demonstrate that fouling of tubes reduces gains in performance resulting from decreasing values of air inlet wet bulb temperature. It is found that the maximum decrease in effectiveness due to fouling is about 55 and 78% for the evaporative coolers and condensers, respectively, investigated in this study. For the evaporative cooler, the value of process fluid outlet temperature T_p,out varies by 0.66% only at the clean condition for the ambient wet bulb temperatures considered. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

膜加湿器热质交换过程的理论分析

膜加湿器是保证质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)正常高效运行的重要组成部分.以燃料电池的板式膜加湿器为研究对象,根据热质交换原理对膜加湿器的传热传质过程进行了理论计算,分析了空气质量流量、膜内加湿侧进口温度和膜内加湿侧进口湿度对传热传质过程的影响.在传热方面:当空气质量流量不同时,随着膜内加湿侧进口温度的变化,膜内的热流量变化趋势不一致;当膜内加湿侧进口相对湿度为95%时,随着空气质量流量的变化,膜内热流量变化不大.在传质方面:当加湿侧进口相对湿度不变时,膜中水传输速率随着空气质量流量的增大而减小;当空气质量流量不变时,膜中水传输速率随着加湿侧进口相对湿度的增大而增大.     

运行工况对圆形楞涡流发生器CaSO4污垢特性的影响

为了研究运行工况对圆形楞涡流发生器CaSO4污垢特性的影响。采用数值模拟方法研究了布置圆形楞涡流发生器矩形通道内壁面CaSO4析晶污垢的沉积过程。主要分析了CaSO4溶液的浓度、壁面温度、入口速度和入口温度对污垢沉积率、剥蚀率和污垢热阻的影响。结果表明,随入口速度的增大沉积率和剥蚀率均增大,而污垢热阻值降低。随着壁面温度的增大沉积率、剥蚀率和污垢热阻均增大。随工质浓度的增大沉积率、剥蚀率和污垢热阻也是均增大。随入口温度的增大沉积率、剥蚀率和污垢热阻却基本不变。     

Flux pattern and fouling of membranes during ultrafiltration of some dairy products

The flux pattern of milk (whole milk, skimmed milk and buttermilk) showed a distinct contrast to whey (sweet whey and acid casein whey) systems during ultrafiltration (UF) at constant composition. For milk systems, the initial flux was lower than for whey systems, but the flux stabilised within a few minutes of operation. However, for both acid and sweet whey, the flux continued to fall with time for nearly 1 h. The fouling coefficient (FC) for buttermilk was 0.6 after 5 min, rising to 0.68 after 60 min. During this time flux did not decline, suggesting that concentration polarisation (CP), rather than fouling, was controlling the flux rate. In contrast, the FC for whey was 0.5 after 5 min with a progressive rise over the next 55 min, but the flux also fell throughout this period suggesting that flux was controlled by fouling rather than CP. The higher concentration of protein in milk systems appeared to be responsible for CP, rather than fouling, being the controlling mechanism.     

2.8 GHz薄膜体声波谐振器的研究

通过采用微机电系统(MEMS)和微声电子方法,研究了硅基片上横膈膜结构薄膜体声波谐振器(FBAR).器件的串联谐振频率f_s＝2.75 GHz,并联谐振频率f_p＝2.8 GHz,插入损耗IL=-3.7 dB,并联谐振频率品质因子Q_p=260,有效机电耦合系数K_(eff)~2=4.5%.     

LTCC单膜层内置腔制造技术

LTCC单膜层内置腔在电容式传感器、微流系统等领域有重要应用,是3D-LTCC在微系统领域应用的典型结构类型。首先论述了目前实现内置腔制造的主流技术——牺牲层技术,并结合实验点明了该技术的关键难点。之后,提出了一种LTCC内置腔制造的新方法,并结合实验验证了该方法的可行性。新方法比牺牲层方法简便,更适合于高平整度腔膜层内置腔结构制造。