经验过程的一般加权和收敛的两个结果

研究了经验过程的一般加权和收敛问题,得到一般加权和收敛的两个结果.建立了实值情形下的结果在经验过程中的相应形式.     

Fracture Assessment of Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Reinforcing Rings through a Combination of Full-Scale Testing, Small-Scale Testing and Stress Modeling

Carbon fibre/epoxy rings are used as radial reinforcement for polymer bearing elements with nominal diameter 250 mm functioning under 150 MPa. Full-scale static and dynamic testing revealed no catastrophic failure for loading to 400 MPa, although there was circumferential splitting of carbon fibres at the machined top edge causing counterface wear under sliding. A combined numerical–experimental analysis was applied for design improvement with a representative small-scale qualification test on the real ring geometry, inducing additional stress concentrations compared to ASTM standards. Full-scale modelling revealed high radial–axial shear stresses (33 MPa) in non-hydrostatically loaded zones, while it increased towards 104 MPa under hydrostatic load conditions. The former is the most critical and should be simulated either on a small-scale unidirectional compression test or on a representative short beam shear test, respectively, measuring the radial–axial or radial–tangential shear strength. A relation between both small-scale states of stress was experimentally and numerically studied, experiencing that the composite ring has lower radial–tangential shear stress compared to radial–axial shear stress as a different hydrostatic stress state is observed in the bulk of the composite ring. As a compressive test is however more difficult to perform than a short-beam-shear test, a representative design criterion for shear fracture is determined from failure at 27 kN normal load in a short-beam-shear test. Finally, fracture is avoided by optimising the cross-sectional geometry of the composite reinforcing ring and close control of the processing parameters.     

Interferometer for cold neutrons

Design and setup of an interferometer for cold and ultracold neutrons are described. As neutron optical components three holographically produced gratings are arranged in triple Laue geometry. The gratings are adjusted during their recording process in photosensitized polymer slabs once for ever. Employing this device we measured the coherence function of a cold neutron beam by means of interferometry.     

Adding transverse normal stresses to layered shell finite elements for the analysis of composite structures

This work presents a formulation developed to add capabilities for representing the through thickness distribution of the transverse normal stresses, σ_z, in first and higher order shear deformable shell elements within a finite element (FE) scheme. The formulation is developed within a displacement based shear deformation shell theory. Using the differential equilibrium equations for two-dimensional elasticity and the interlayer stress and strain continuity requirements, special treatment is developed for the transverse normal stresses, which are thus represented by a continuous piecewise cubic function. The implementation of this formulation requires only C⁰ continuity of the displacement functions regardless of whether it is added to a first or a higher order shell element. This makes the transverse normal stress treatment applicable to the most popular bilinear isoparametric 4-noded quadrilateral shell elements.

To assess the performance of the present approach it is included in the formulation of a recently developed third order shear deformable shell finite element. The element is added to the element library of the general nonlinear explicit dynamic FE code DYNA3D. Some illustrative problems are solved and results are presented and compared to other theoretical and numerical results.     

Effect of nitrogen and vanadium on austenite grain growth kinetics of a low alloy steel

Austenite grain growth kinetics in a steel containing 0.4% C, 1.8% Cr with different nitrogen contents (in the range 0.0038–0.0412%) and a micralloying addition of 0.078% V were investigated. The investigations were carried out in an austenitising temperature range of 840–1200 °C for 30 min. The results of investigations showed that N promotes the grain growth of austenite. The microalloying addition of vanadium protects the austenite grain growth because of carbonitride V(C,N) precipitation and the grain boundary pinning effect of undissolved particles of V(C,N). Using a thermodynamic model, the carbonitride V(C,N) content, undissolved at the austenitising temperature was calculated. At temperatures when a coarsening and dissolution of carbonitride occurs, the austenite grains start to growth. The effect of nitrogen on the type of chord length distribution of austenite grains was analysed.     

Identification of ductile damage and fracture parameters from the small punch test using neural networks

This paper presents a method for the identification of deformation, damage and fracture properties of ductile materials. The small punch test is used to obtain the material response under loading. The resulting load displacement curve contains information about the deformation and failure behavior of the tested material. The finite element method is used to compute the load displacement curve depending on the parameters of the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman damage law. Via a systematic variation of the material parameters a data base is built up, which is used to train neural networks. This neural network can be used to predict the load displacement curve of the SPT for a given material parameter set. The identification of the material parameters is done by using a conjugate directions algorithm, which minimizes the error between an experimental load displacement curve and one predicted by the network function. The identified material parameters are validated by independent tests on notched tensile specimens. Furthermore, these parameters can be used to compute the crack growth in fracture specimens, which finally leads to a prediction of classical fracture toughness parameters.     

网络英语教学中自主学习能力的培养

学习者积极推进自主学习既是网络英语教学的内在要求，又是网络英语教学取得成效的基本前提，因此培养学习者自主学习能力也就成为网络英语教学中的一个重要课题。简要介绍了当前网络英语教学的模式和特点，并结合自主学习理论指出网络英语教学对学习者的自主学习能力提出了较高的要求；从网络学习的外部环境和学习者内部因素分析了网络英语教学中影响自主学习能力的因素，并以此为基础探讨了网络英语教学中自主学习能力的培养。     

微量元素与工业废水生物处理

分析了研究微量元素问题对工业废水生物处理的重要意义,介绍该方向国内外的主要研究及应用进展,提出工业废水生物处理过程中微量元素调控对策。     

非结构化四面体网格生成方法及改进

对生成三维非结构化网格的D e launay方法进行了分析,给出四面体网格生成的基本步骤.改进判断非结构化网格质量的方法,提出采用四面体单元无量纲棱长的标准差对网格质量进行评价.对于已经生成的初始化网格,在棱长标准差最大的四面体单元内加入新点重新构造网格,反复进行迭代直到所有的标准差小于设定值.该方法比较灵活且易于实现.通过不同的算例对网格生成及改进方法进行了验证,获得了理想的结果.     

稀土元素对掺杂钨粉还原过程及性能的影响

利用中止还原的方法,研究了稀土元素对掺杂钨粉还原过程及其性能的影响。结果表明,在同样的还原工艺条件下,稀土元素能使掺杂钨粉的还原速率减小,分裂时间更晚,但最终的钨粉粒度更细小,可获得几百纳米的超细钨粉。还原后,粉末的形貌由准球形转变为规则的立方体形。稀土元素还促进钨粉中钾含量的提高。