Carbon Black-Supported Single-Atom Co?N?C as an Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst for H2O2 Production in Acidic Media and Microbial Fuel Cell in Neutral Media

Single metal atom isolated in nitrogen-doped carbon materials (M N C) are effective electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which produces H₂O₂ or H₂O via 2-electron or 4-electron process. However, most of M N C catalysts can only present high selectivity for one product, and the selectivity is usually regulated by complicated structure design. Herein, a carbon black-supported Co N C catalyst (CB@Co N C) is synthesized. Tunable 2-electron/4-electron behavior is realized on CB@Co-N-C by utilizing its H₂O₂ yield dependence on electrolyte pH and catalyst loading. In acidic media with low catalyst loading, CB@Co N C presents excellent mass activity and high selectivity for H₂O₂ production. In flow cell with gas diffusion electrode, a H₂O₂ production rate of 5.04 mol h⁻¹ g⁻¹ is achieved by CB@Co N C on electrolyte circulation mode, and a long-term H₂O₂ production of 200 h is demonstrated on electrolyte non-circulation mode. Meanwhile, CB@Co N C exhibits a dominant 4-electron ORR pathway with high activity and durability in pH neutral media with high catalyst loading. The microbial fuel cell using CB@Co N C as the cathode catalyst shows a peak power density close to that of benchmark Pt/C catalyst.     

Photothermal Janus Anode with Photosynthesis‐Shielding Effect for Activating Low‐Temperature Biological Wastewater Treatment

Biological wastewater treatment (BWT), which is used to manage global wastewater, suffers from a sharp decrease in microbial activity at low temperature (<10 °C). Photothermal technology with a high energy efficiency theoretically exceeding 80% has the potential to activate low‐temperature BWT. However, photothermal BWT is threatened by the propagation of photosynthetic algae in wastewater under irradiation, and these microorganisms can suppress the functional bacteria or even kill anaerobic species by photosynthetically releasing oxygen. Herein, taking microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a representative biological reactor, a photothermal Janus anode (PTJA) is designed, composed of a carbon black/polydimethylsiloxane photothermal nonporous layer and a graphite felt porous layer to promote low‐temperature BWT. Unlike traditional symmetrical porous anodes, the nonporous layer of the PTJA can isolate the wastewater in the porous layer from light irradiation during photothermal conversion, thus preventing photosynthetic algae from poisoning anaerobic functional microbes. Under ≈1 sun illumination, the PTJA MFC exhibits 1.6 and 24.2 times higher organic pollutant removal rate and power density generation, respectively, than MFCs using traditional anodes for low‐temperature BWT (7.0 ± 2.0 °C). This development can allow novel utilization of solar energy and is a promising resolution for low‐temperature BWT.     

浓香型白酒窖泥菌群结构、菌种功能及其改良研究进展

窖泥质量对浓香型白酒的发酵具有重要影响。一般来说,窖龄越大,窖泥质量越好,酿酒质量越好。近年来,以提高窖泥质量、促进窖泥老熟为导向的研究成为热点。本文按照从基础理论到改良应用研究的逻辑顺序,参考相关文献资料,就窖泥菌群结构、菌种功能及人工窖泥改良三方面进行综述。在时间维度上,随窖龄增加,窖泥原核菌群多样性逐渐增加,菌群结构逐渐趋于稳定（老熟）,而真核菌群多样性逐渐减少,甚至消失。在空间分布上,池底窖泥原核菌群多样性大于池壁泥,而真核菌群相反,且其在池底老窖泥中趋于消失状态。窖泥中一些菌种参与己酸合成,如克氏梭菌（Clostridium kluyveri）和Ruminococcaceae CPB6,随窖泥老熟,窖泥菌群逐渐形成了完整的代谢网络。人工窖泥改良可以有效促进窖泥菌群的老熟。通过本综述,为进一步的窖泥菌群理论及应用研究提供了新思路。     

利用高通量测序分析云南两个地区豆豉微生物群落的多样性

豆豉是一种具有独特风味的传统发酵食品。研究豆豉的微生物群落多样性,对于提高豆豉质量和食用安全性具有重要意义。本研究分别采取云南西双版纳州的景洪市和勐海县的两个豆豉样品,提取DNA,PCR扩增细菌16S r DNA和真菌ITS区域并进行焦磷酸测序,通过分析测序所得结果比较两个豆豉样品中的细菌和真菌群落多样性。结果表明:景洪样品的最优势细菌是Leuconostoc mesenteroides,其次是Leuconostoc fallax。勐海样品中丰度最高的细菌是Staphylococcus gallinarum,其次是Tetragenococcus halophilus。两个样品中都含有少数序列与能够产细菌素的Weissella confusa和Weissella cibaria具有较高相似性。两个样品的优势真菌都是耐盐的Candida etchellsii和Candida versatilis。总之,西双版纳的豆豉具有较高的微生物群落多样性,以嗜盐菌居多。     

Metabolic Regulation of Tumor Microenvironment with Biohybrid Bacterial Bioreactor for Enhanced Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by specific chemotherapeutic agents is often hampered by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, a bacterial bioreactor E@Fe-DOX, is developed, to enhance ICD-mediated antitumor immunity by in situ manipulation of tumor metabolism-immune interactions. The E@Fe-DOX bioreactor is constructed by depositing doxorubicin-loaded iron-polyphenol nanoparticles on Eubacterium hallii, which can specifically target hypoxic tumor regions and release doxorubicin and Fe³⁺ to induce ICD. In addition, Eubacterium hallii can continuously convert intratumoral lactate to butyrate, which inhibits the polarization of pro-tumoral M2-like macrophages and improves the function of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, E@Fe-DOX promotes the formation of immune cell-aggregated tertiary lymph structures (TLS) to augment ICD-induced antitumor immunity. In murine tumor models, E@Fe-DOX significantly inhibits tumor growth and enhances immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Overall, the developed living biomaterial offers a promising strategy to potentiate cancer chemo-immunotherapy by continuously regulating the intratumoral immuno-metabolic microenvironment.     

Flocculation of Whey Protein Stabilized Emulsions as Influenced by Dextran Sulfate and Electrolyte

The creaming stability and viscosity of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate were monitored as functions of dextran sulfate (DS) and electrolyte (NaCl) concentration. At a specific DS concentration (the critical flocculation concentration, CFC), the droplets became flocculated, which promoted creaming. Addition of electrolyte caused an increase in CFC. At NaCl concentrations <0.5 wt%, addition of electrolyte decreased emulsion viscosity, but at concentrations >0.5 wt% it caused an increase in viscosity due to increased flocculation. The results were due to the influence of electrostatic screening on the effective volume of DS molecules and colloidal interactions between droplets.     

Inactivation Kinetics of Lactobacillus plantarum by High Pressure Carbon Dioxide

Inactivation kinetics of Lactobacillus plantarum by high pressure CO₂ was investigated to understand the mechanism of microbial inactivation. The inactivation rates increased with pressure, temperature and exposure time, and with decreasing pH of media. Microbial inactivation was governed essentially by penetration of CO₂ into cells and its effectiveness could be improved by the enhanced transfer rate. Microbial reduction of 8 log cycles was observed within 120 min under CO₂ pressure of 70 kg/cm² at 30°C. We hypothesized that the cell death resulted from the lowered intracellular pH and damage to the cell membrane due to penetration of CO₂. Pressurized CO₂ treatment is a potential nonthermal technology for food preservation.     

细菌外排泵抑制剂对光动力疗法防龋效果的影响

目的:探讨细菌外排泵抑制剂(microbial efflux pump Inhibitor,EPI)———维拉帕米对以甲苯胺蓝O(toluidine blue O,TBO)为光敏剂的光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)抑制牙菌斑生物膜内主要致龋菌作用的影响。方法:以变形链球菌、血链球菌、嗜酸性乳杆菌和粘性放线菌为实验菌株,建立牙菌斑生物膜模型。以维拉帕米作为细菌外排泵抑制剂,根据在PDT过程中加入维拉帕米和光敏剂的先后顺序,实验分为5组。A组:生理盐水处理组。B组:单纯PDT处理组。C组:同时加入光敏剂和维拉帕米PDT处理组。D组:先加入维拉帕米后加入光敏剂PDT处理组。E组:先加入光敏剂后加入维拉帕米PDT处理组。平板菌落计数观察牙菌斑生物膜活性,并运用激光共聚焦显微镜(Confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)对处理后的牙菌斑生物膜进行断层扫描、分析。结果:与生理盐水处理组相比,单纯PDT处理组牙菌斑内致龋菌存活的数量(CFU/mL)明显减少(P<0.05),其抑菌率为81.02%;与单纯PDT处理组相比,加入维拉帕米的PDT处理组内牙菌斑内致龋菌存活数量有下降趋势。其中先加入维拉帕米后加入光敏剂PDT处理组牙菌斑内致龋菌存活数量显著性下降(P<0.05),抑菌率高达93.60%;激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现菌斑生物膜发生明显的变化。结论:实验表明光动力疗法有明显的防龋效果,且细菌外排泵抑制剂对PDT防龋效果有促进作用。     

饲用微生物添加剂应用效果的研究及存在问题

本文研宄了动物肠道菌群与生产性能的关系。总结了国内外大量研究成果后发现,饲用微生物添加剂对仔猪、内鸡、肥育牛有较好的促生长作用和抗病防病作用。其主要作用机制为:维持肠道菌群正常化;调节营养物质的消化吸收;产生非特异性免疫调节因子及防止产生有害物质等。最后指出了微生物添加剂研究与应用中存在的问题,并提出了建议。     

高泥化煤泥水的性质及其沉降特性

采用X射线衍射和筛分试验对某选煤厂的煤泥水进行了性质分析,并通过试验确定其自然沉降和絮凝沉降的特性,探讨煤泥水性质和絮凝剂对沉降特性的影响机制。结果表明：试验样品含有大量黏土类矿物,这些矿物在水中分解为极细的颗粒,使煤泥水系统形成复杂的多分散悬浮体系--高泥化煤泥水;受黏土矿物的影响,煤泥水的浓度越高,沉降速度越慢,压实层密度越小;絮凝剂的表面性质对悬浮颗粒具有选择性,淀粉改性的聚丙烯酰胺对黏土矿物无效,但可以使煤颗粒聚沉形成较为密实的沉淀层,而PAM-ASG903可同时聚沉黏土矿物和煤,但压实层密度较小。